2. Mutations

3. _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they include: 1. __________________________ 2. _________________ (pesticides, etc) 3. __________ (nuclear and solar) Many common place items are capable of causing mutations: microwave, fruit from the store, radar, cellular phones….

4. Somatic vs Germ Mutations Some people may have mutations in their skin cells or hair. Such mutations are termed___________. Germ mutations occur only in the ________. These mutations are more threatening because they can be passed to offspring (forever).

5. _________ is a prime time for mutations to occur. The germ mutations that occur during meiosis could be passed on during a fertilization

6. Mutations effect protein synthesis ____________: Mutated DNA will produce faulty ________ leading to the production of a bad protein.

7. Types of mutations ____________: affecting whole or a part of a chromosome _____: changes to the bases in the DNA of one gene

9. Chromosome Mutations:_____________ During meiosis tetrads may not segregate or in meiosis II, sister chromatids may stick together. Nondisjunction. The above ___________ is of a person who has nondisjunction of the 21st _______________ or Down syndrome. (note the extra chromosome)

10. Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes

11. Gene Mutations: DNA base alterations Point mutation Insertion Deletion Inversion Frame Shifts

12. ____________ - when a base is replaced with a different base. CGG CCC AAT to CGG CGC AAT Guanine for Cytosine ___________ - when a base is added CGG CCC AAT to CGG CGC CAA T Guanine is added __________ - the loss of a base CGG CCC AAT to CGG CCA A T loss of Cytosine

13. Frame Shift mutations A frame shift mutation results from a base _________ or __________. Each of these changes the _________ that follow the mutation. CGG CCC AAT to CGG CGC CAA T Frame shift mutations have _____ effects than a ______ mutation because they involve more triplets (recall how important triplets are to protein synthesis)

14. The Frameshift changes the mRNA produced. mRNA from DNA as expected…….. GGG CCC TTT AAA CCC GGG AAA UUU ______ DNA GGC GCC CTT TAA A CCG CGG GAA AUU U All the triplets are changed, this in turn changes the ___________ of the protein!

15. Protein shape determines how a protein will function. A change in one _________ may change the shape enough to distort the _________ (as in sickle cell disease). Thus, change in one base could potentially distort a whole protein. It is more likely that a _________ mutation will change several triplets and distort a protein’s structure.

16. Practice some examples?