1. Geography: Mapping Skills & Map Making
Social Studies 8

2. Using an Atlas

9. Map and Geographic Skills

10. Unit 1 Vocabulary—Map and Graph Skills
Absolute location
atlas
bar graph
cardinal directions
cartographer
circle graphs
climographs
compass rose
density
distortion
Equator
Mercator Projection
intermediate directions
latitude
legend (key)
line graph
longitude
orientation Physical map
Polar projection
political map
relief
population maps
scale
primary resource
map
Prime Meridian
globe
relative location
Robinson Projection

11. Scale
Shows the ratio between a unit of length on a map and a unit of distance on the earth

12. Lines of latitude
Imaginary lines that measure distance north and south of the equator

13. Lines of Longitude
Imaginary lines that measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian

14. Relative Location
Describes a place in comparison to other places around it

15. Orientation
Direction -- usually shown on a map using a compass rose or directional indicator

16. Sources of geographic information
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), field work, satellite images, photographs, maps, globes, data bases, primary sources

17. give directions to others understand world events
Mental Maps
Help people carry out daily activities (ex. Route to school or the store)
give directions to others
understand world events

18. 4 ways mental maps can be developed and refined
Compare sketched maps to more formal maps such as those in an atlas or book
Describe the location of places in terms of reference points (the equator or Prime Meridian

19. 4 ways mental maps can be developed and refined cont.
Can describe the location of places in terms of geographic features and land forms (ex. West of the Mississippi River, or north of the Gulf of Mexico)

20. 4 ways mental maps can be developed and refined cont.
Describing the location of places in terms of the human characteristics of a place ( ex: languages, types of housing dress, recreation, customs or traditions

21. What are the standard methods of showing information on a map
Symbols
Colors
Lines
Boundaries
Contours

22. Thematic Maps
Thematic maps show a theme or a particular idea. There are many different types.

23. population distribution economic activity resources languages
Types of Thematic maps
Population density
population distribution
economic activity
resources
languages
ethnicity

24. Types of Thematic maps cont.
Climate
precipitation
vegetation
physical
political

25. Ways map can show change
Changes in Knowledge
Map of Columbus’s time
Satellite images
changes in Place Names
Formosa, Taiwan, Republic of China
Palestine, Israel, Occupied Territories

26. Ways map can show change cont.
changes in Boundaries
Africa in the 1910s and in the 1990s
Europe before WWII and after WWII and since 1990

27. Ways map can show change cont.
Changes in perspectives of place names--Arabian Gulf v. Persian Gulf
Sea of Japan v. East Sea
Middle East v. North Africa and Southwest Asia

28. Ways map can show change cont.
Changes in Disputed areas-- Korea
Western Sahara
Former Yugoslavia
Kashmir

29. All three types have distortion
Map Projections
Three types of map projections
Mercator
Polar
Robinson
All three types have distortion

30. You can distort area, shape, distance and direction
Map Projections cont.
You can distort area, shape, distance and direction
A Mercator projection is best used for ship navigation because of the nice straight lines

31. Mercator projection
Nice Straight lines

32. Map Projections cont.
A Polar projection is best used in airplane navigation. It is easy to plot the Great Circle Routes used to fly long distances
A Robinson projection is best used for data representation. Most of the maps in textbooks are Robinson projections

33. Robinson Projection
Latitude lines are straight. Longitude lines are curved.

34. Used to show parts of a whole or percentages
Pie Chart
Used to show parts of a whole or percentages

35. Used to show items in relation to others
Bar graph
Used to show items in relation to others

36. Used to show loss or gain or information over several time frames
Line Graph
Used to show loss or gain or information over several time frames

37. Population Pyramid
Shows the population of a country or region. Allows you to break into male and female and by age groups

38. Climograph
J F M A M J J A S
Shows precipitation and temperature averages over a one year period

39. Practical applications of Geography
Recycling programs
conversion of land
airport expansion
bicycle paths
water sources
air quality
mass transit

40. Social Studies Online Introduction
Mapping It Out
Social Studies Online
Introduction

41. Blueprint Skill Geography Grade 2
Recognize that a map contains elements such as title, scale, symbols, legends, grids, and cardinal and intermediate directions.

42. What’s on a map?
Maps have a lot of information, but you need to know how to read them. There are several parts to a map which explain details and help you really see where you are and where you're going.

43. Legend
Maps often have symbols to represent such features as highways, small roads, campgrounds, and rest areas. These symbols are listed in the legend.

44. Compass
The compass shows the directions on a map: north, south, east, and west.

45. Index
The index tells you where to find a specific place on a map. Depending on the size and type of map you're using, the index can help you locate a city, town, or street.

46. Scale
The scale helps you measure the distance betweeen two places. When you know the distance you can calculate how long the trip will take.

47. Resources
What’s on a map?
Map Adventures (handout)

48. Social Studies: Introduction to maps

49. What is a map?
A generalized view of an area, usually some portion of Earth’s surface, as seen from above at a greatly reduced size
Any geographical image of the environment
A two-dimensional representation of the spatial distribution of selected phenomena

50. Why make maps? To represent a larger area than we can see
To show a phenomenon or process we can’t see with our eyes
To present information concisely
To show spatial relationships

51. Represent a larger area

52. Show what we can’t see

53. Present info concisely

54. Show spatial relationships

55. How do we read maps? Maps are selective views of reality
Size of the map relative to reality (scale)
What’s on the map (symbolization)
Shape of the map (projection)

56. Map scale
Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground
Scale is a fraction
Larger area covered means larger denominator
Larger denominator means smaller fraction
So a large-scale map covers a small area

58. Large-scale
Small-scale

59. Map scale
Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground
Graphic:
Stays the same when photocopied
Might not be right for the whole map

60. Map scale Verbal: 1 inch equals 10 miles Easy to understand
Can change if photocopied

61. Map scale Representative fraction or ratio: 1:24,000
Units don’t matter
Can change if photocopied

62. Map symbolization Symbols are a code instead of text
Three kinds: point, line, area
Consider shape, size, orientation, pattern, color, value

64. Point symbols Indicate location Can also describe that location
Every symbol counts as one occurrence
Qualitative points
Indicate location
Can also describe that location
Quantitative points
Show a distribution
Indicate a value (graduated symbols)

65. Indicate location Describe location

66. Show a distribution

67. Indicate a value

68. Line symbols One-dimensional Mostly taken for granted (borders, roads)
Isolines connect same values
Flow-line maps indicate value by width of line

70. Isolines (Contour lines)

71. Flow-line maps

72. Area symbols Choropleth maps Usually, darker indicates more
Each territory or region has one value
Differences in kind
Differences in value
Choropleth maps
Usually, darker indicates more
Cartograms distort area to show value

73. Differences in kind

74. Differences in kind

75. Differences in value (Choropleth)

76. Cartogram

77. Topographic maps Also called quadrangles Nearly 54,000 for the U.S.
Done by the US Geological Survey (USGS) since 1897
Map out the entire country in a standard fashion

78. Topographic maps
Till the 1940s, you climbed to the highest point and plotted what you could see from there
Aerial photography after WWII
Two overlapping photos are put in a stereoscope
10 photos for each 7.5 minute map

79. Topographic maps
Show 2D features, point, line and area; also show 3D via contour lines
Common symbols are in the appendix of the text
Note the contour interval at the bottom of the map

81. Map-reading exercise

82. Maps

83. The World Political
Political maps show how people have divided places on the Earth into countries, states, cities and other units for the purpose of governing them.

84. The World Physical
Physical maps show what the surface of the Earth looks like.

85. Oceans of the World The world has four major oceans. Atlantic Pacific
Arctic
Indian
Pacific
ocean
Atlantic
Arctic
Indian

86. Global Climates
Students generally associate Arctic and Antarctic with cold weather, so students could make the observation that the climate at the poles is cold. This map shows the general climate regions of the world.

87. World Religions
Religious beliefs help define a people’s culture, so to understand a people, it is important to consider what religions influence that group.

88. Map Review To show borders of countries, states, cities
What is the purpose of a Political map?
To show borders of countries, states, cities

89. Map Review What is the purpose of a Physical map?
Physical maps show what the surface of the world looks like

90. Map Review What are the four major oceans of the world? Atlantic
Pacific
Arctic
Indian

91. Map Review Why is it important to understand a peoples religion?
because religion helps shape their culture

92. Latitude and Longitude
The earth is divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude.

93. Lines Longitude lines run north and south.
Latitude lines run east and west.
The lines measure distances in degrees.
Latitude
Longitude

94. Where is 0 degree? Equator The equator is 0 degree latitude.
It is an imaginary belt that runs halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole.
Equator

95. P R I M E D A N
Where is 0 degree?
The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

97. Hemispheres
By using the equator and prime meridian, we can divide the world into four hemispheres, north, south, east, and west.

99. Compass
A compass is a tool that helps the user know what direction one is headed.
On a map, a compass or a compass rose helps the user locate these directions.

100. Source: http://aerocompass.larc.nasa.gov
Compass Rose
The needle on a compass is magnetized to point to the earth's north magnetic pole. Thus with a compass, a person can roughly tell which direction they are headed.
There are four major or cardinal directions on a compass- north, south, east & west. In between are the directions northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest.
Direction Quiz
Source:

101. Directions The cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west.
The intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest.
They help describe the location of places in relation to other places.

102. Scale
Maps are made to scale; that is, there is a direct connection between a unit of measurement on the map and the actual distance.
For example, each inch on the map represents one mile on Earth. So, a map of a town would show a mile-long strip of fast food joints and auto dealers in one inch.

103. Scale

104. Time Zones
The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a day.
As the earth rotates, the sun shines in different areas, moving from east to west during the course of a day.
Places that have the same longitude will be in the same time zone.

106. Map Legends Religions Legend
The legend is the key to unlocking the secrets of a map. Objects or colors in the legend represent something on the map.
Religions Legend

107. Can you understand this legend?

108. Age Expectancy
Legend

109. Sites to visit Look up Latitude and Longitude for US Cities
Maps and Map Skills Degrees, Latitude, & Longitude Worksheet
Latitude and Longitude Map (lesson plan)
Scale
Time Zones
Anchors Aweigh (a map adventure)
Map Quiz
Make Your Own Map
Topography Maps
U. S. Map Collection
GeoSpy Game
Globe Projector
GeoGame