1. BZUPAGES.COM In the name of Allah,the most Merciful and The most Beneficial……

2. BZUPAGES.COM Theories of Motivation Presented to: Sir Ahmad Tisman Pasha Presented By: Madiha Fatima BS(IT) 07- 07 Department of Information Technology

3. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement Theory Concepts: Behavior is environmentally caused. Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences. Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated. Concepts: Behavior is environmentally caused. Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences. Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated. Behavior is a function of its consequences.

4. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement Theory  process of shaping behavior by controlling the consequences of the behavior.  combination of rewards and/or punishments  The specific behavioral consequence is called a reinforcer

5. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement Theory  Individuals can choose from several responses to a given stimulus, and that individuals will generally select the response that associated with positive outcomes in the past.  Responses to stimuli that are followed by satisfaction will be strengthened, but responses that are followed by discomfort will be weakened.  Internal needs and drives of individuals can be ignored because people learn to exhibit certain behaviors based on what happens to them as a result of their behavior

6. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement Theory Types of reinforcement : Positive Reinforcement : Following a response with something pleasant Negative Reinforcement : Following a response by termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant Punishment : attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors Extinction : Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior

7. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement schedules : Continuous :- Behavior is reinforced each time it occurs Intermittent :- Each instance of a desired behavior is not reinforced

8. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement Theory Types of intermittent reinforcement schedules:  Fixed interval  Fixed ratio  Variable interval  Variable ratio

9. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory is an important explanation of how people learn behavior

10. BZUPAGES.COM Equity Theory Referent Comparisons: Self-inside Self-outside Other-inside Other-outside Referent Comparisons: Self-inside Self-outside Other-inside Other-outside Equity Theory Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.

11. BZUPAGES.COM Equity Theory

12. BZUPAGES.COM Equity Theory Choices for dealing with inequity: 1.Change inputs (exert less effort) 2.Change outcomes (increase output) 3.Distort/change perceptions of self 4.Distort/change perceptions of others 5.Choose a different referent person 6.Leave the field (quit the job) Choices for dealing with inequity: 1.Change inputs (exert less effort) 2.Change outcomes (increase output) 3.Distort/change perceptions of self 4.Distort/change perceptions of others 5.Choose a different referent person 6.Leave the field (quit the job)

13. BZUPAGES.COM Equity Theory Propositions relating to inequitable pay: 1.Overrewarded hourly employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees. 2.Overrewarded piece-work employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work. 3.Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work. 4.Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees Propositions relating to inequitable pay: 1.Overrewarded hourly employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees. 2.Overrewarded piece-work employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work. 3.Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work. 4.Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees

14. BZUPAGES.COM Equity Theory Distributive Justice Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals. Procedural Justice The perceived fairness of the process to determine the distribution of rewards.

15. BZUPAGES.COM Equity Theory Organizational justice Overall perception of what is fair in workplace Interactional Justice Perceived degree to which one is treated with dignity and respect

16. BZUPAGES.COM Equity theory Model of Organizational justice Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Internal justice Organizational justice

17. BZUPAGES.COM Expectancy Theory Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom) The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.

18. BZUPAGES.COM Expectancy Theory Relationships  Effort–Performance Relationship –The probability that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance.  Performance–Reward Relationship –The belief that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome.  Rewards–Personal Goals Relationship –The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s goals or needs and the attractiveness of potential rewards for the individual.

19. BZUPAGES.COM Questions in the mind of workers…  If I gave a maximum effort, will it b recognized in my performance appraisal ?  If I get a good performance appraisal, will it lead to organizational rewards ?  If I rewarded, are the rewards ones that I find personally attractive ?

20. BZUPAGES.COM Does Expectancy theory works ? If organization actually rewarded individual For Performance rather than according to criteria Such as seniority, effort, skill level, and job difficulty, then the theory’s validity might be considerably greater.

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