1. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 3 Oncology and the Central Nervous System

2. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Oncology onc/o = tumor Examples: –onc/o/logy = study and treatment of tumors –onc/o/logist = one who studies tumors carcin/o = cancer

3. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cells cyt/o = cell Examples: –cyt/o/ology = study of cells –cyt/o/log/ist = one who studies cells –cyt/o/techn/o/logist = one who prepares and screens human tissue to detect abnormalities

4. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tissues hist/o = tissue Examples: –hist/o/ology = study of tissues –hist/o/log/ist = one who studies tissues –hist/o/blast = embryonic tissue cell –hist/o/cyte = tissue cell –hist/oid = resembling tissue

5. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Disease and Change path/o/logy = study of disease path/o/log/ist = one who studies disease morph/o/logy = study of form, shape, or structure meta/morph/osis = process of changing from one form into another

6. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tumors Abnormal growth in numbers/and or types of cells neo/plasm = new growth –Another word for tumor

7. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tumors Can be malignant or benign Malignant –Cancerous Benign –Non-cancerous

8. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tumors -oma = suffix for tumor Examples: –carcin/oma = cancer of epithelia tissue –sarc/oma = cancer of connective tissue –aden/oma = glandular tumor –lip/oma = fatty tumor –lymph/oma = tumor composed of lymph tissue

9. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tumor Terminology Combining FormMeaningTumor melan/odark-pigmentedmelanoma fibr/ofibrous tissuefibroadenoma ather/oporridge-likeatheroma papill/oelevation of tissuepapilloma

10. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tumor Terminology Carcinomas can spread from origin to other body parts meta/stasis = portion of tumor that grows in new location meta/stasize = to spread from point of origin meta/static = adjectival form

11. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Benign and Malignant Tumors LocationBenignMalignant glandadenomaadenocarcinoma boneosteomaosteosarcoma cartilagechondromachondrosarcoma fatlipomaliposarcoma nerveneuromaneurosarcoma

12. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Insert Cancer Metastasizing

13. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cancer Treatments radi/o/therapy = use of radiation surgery = removal of tumors chem/o/therapy = administration of drugs

14. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cancer Treatments anti- = against -plast/ic = abnormal growth Example: –anti/neo/plastic = agent that works against cancerous neoplasms (tumors) E.g., antineoplastic chemicals and drug agents used in chemotherapy

15. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cancer Treatments -genesis = development Examples: –anti/tumor/i/genesis = process of inhibiting development of tumors –anti/tumor/i/genic = agent that inhibits development of tumors

16. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Head cephal = head cephalic = pertaining to head cephal/o = combining form

17. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Structures of the Head

18. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Head Conditions cephal/algia = any pain in head cephal/o/dynia = any pain in head cephal/o/dynic = pertaining to pain in head

19. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Skull cranium = skull cranial = pertaining to skull crani/o = combining form for cranium

20. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Components of the Skull

21. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms Related to the Skull crani/o/meter = instrument used to measure skull crani/o/malac/ia = softening of skull crani/o/plasty = surgical repair of skull crani/o/tomy = incision into skull crani/ectomy = excision of part of skull

22. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Brain encephal/o = combining form

23. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Brain and Spinal Cord

24. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Brain Conditions encephal/o/malac/ia = softening of brain tissue encephal/o/cele = herniation of brain encephal/o/tomy = incision into brain

25. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Brain: Diagnostics electr/o/encephal/o/gram = picture of electrical activity of brain electr/o/encephal/o/graphy = process of recording electrical brain activity electr/o/encephal/o/graph = instrument used to record electrical brain activity

26. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cerebrum Part of brain responsible for thinking, feeling, and moving cerebral = adjectival form

27. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cerebral Conditions cerebr/itis = inflammation of cerebrum cerebr/oma = tumor in cerebrum cerebr/o/vascular accident = loss of brain function due to decreased blood flow cerebr/o/tomy = incision into cerebrum

28. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Brain and Spinal Cord Nerves from brain are connected to rest of body through spinal cord mye/o = spinal cord cerebr/o/spinal = pertaining to brain and spinal cord cerebr/o/spinal fluid = bathes cerebrum and spinal cord

29. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Brain Covering Meninges –Three-layered membrane that covers brain and spinal cord mening/o = combining form

30. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Meningeal Conditions mening/o/cele = herniation of meninges mening/o/malac/ia = softening of meninges mening/itis = inflammation of meninges –Cerebral meningitis –Spinal meningitis

31. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: hyper- hyper- = above or more than normal Examples: –hyper/tension = high blood pressure –hyper/activity = being abnormally active –hyper/emesis = excessive vomiting –hyper/trophy = overdevelopment

32. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: hypo- hypo- = below or less than normal Examples: –hypo/tension = low blood pressure –hypo/thyroid/ism = thyroid hormone deficiency –hypo/dermic = under skin –hypo/thermia = abnormally low body temperature

33. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Growth and Development Suffixes that refer to growth and development: –-trophy –-plasia –-genesis Cannot be interchanged when building medical terms

34. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Growth and Development Examples: –hyper/trophy = increase in size of cells –hyper/plasia = increase in number of cells –hyper/genesis = defective development or duplication of body parts

35. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Glands aden/o = combining form Examples: –aden/itis = inflammation of gland –aden/ectomy = removal of gland –aden/oma = gland tumor –aden/o/pathy = any gland disease –lymph/aden/o/pathy = any disease of lymph glands

36. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Pigment Melanin –Pigment that gives dark color to hair, skin, and dark- pigmented area of eye melan/o = combining form

37. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Pigment Examples: –melan/o/cyte = black-pigmented cell –melan/o/derma = black or dark skin –melan/oma = darkly pigmented tumor –melan/o/carcin/oma = darkly pigmented cancerous tumor

38. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fat lip/o = fat Examples: –lip/oma = fatty tumor –lip/oid = resembling fat

39. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fat ather/o = fatty or porridge-like Examples: –ather/oma = tumor-like thickening in blood vessel –ather/o/scler/osis = hardening of blood vessel walls due to fatty deposits

40. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Linings and Membranes Mucosa –Membrane that lines open body cavities Mucus –Secretion of mucous membrane muc/o = combining form mucous = adjectival form of mucus muc/oid = resembling mucus

41. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Linings and Membranes Serosa –Membrane that lines closed body cavities and outside of organs serous = adjectival form

42. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Linings and Membranes