1. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. A Living Language Medical Terminology Chapter 12 Nervous System

2. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System at a Glance Functions of Nervous System Coordinates and controls body function Receives sensory input Makes decisions Orders body responses

3. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System at a Glance Organs of Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Nerves

4. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

5. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Combining Forms cephal/ohead cerebell/ocerebellum cerebr/ocerebrum encephal/obrain gli/oglue medull/omedulla

6. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Combining Forms mening/omeninges meningi/omeninges myel/ospinal cord neur/onerve phas/ospeech poli/ogray matter

7. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Combining Forms pont/opons radicul/onerve root thalam/othalamus thec/osheath (meninges) ventricul/oventricle

8. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Suffixes –algesiapain, sensitivity –esthesiafeeling, sensation –paresisweakness –phasiaspeech –plegiaparalysis –taxiamuscle coordination

9. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with cephal/o, cerebell/o and cerebr/o –arcerebellarpertaining to cerebellum –itiscerebellitisinflammation of cerebellum –algiacephalalgiahead pain –alcerebralpertaining to cerebrum spin/o –al cerebrospinal pertaining to cerebrum and spine

10. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with encephal/o, meningi/o and mening/o electr/o –gram electroencephalogram record of brain electricity –itisencephalitisbrain inflammation –omameningiomameninges tumor –ealmeningealpertaining to meninges –itismeningitismeninges inflammation

11. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with neur/o –alneuralpertaining to nerve –algianeuralgianerve pain –ectomyneurectomyremoval of nerve –ologistneurologistnerve specialist –omaneuromanerve tumor

12. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with neur/o –pathyneuropathynerve disease –plastyneuroplastysurgical repair of nerve poly– –itis polyneuritis inflammation of many nerves –rrhaphyneurorrhaphysuture a nerve

13. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with myel/o and pont/o –inepontinepertaining to pons –grammyelogramspinal cord record –itismyelitis inflammation of spinal cord

14. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with radicul/o, thalam/o and thec/o –itisradiculitisnerve root inflammation –pathyradiculopathynerve root disease –icthalamicpertaining to thalamus intra– –alintrathecal pertaining to inside meninges

15. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Vocabulary anesthesiology the use of anesthesia for surgical procedures, resuscitation, and pain management neurology diagnosis and treatment of diseases of nervous system neurosurgery treating nervous system disease by surgical means

16. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Vocabulary aura sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure or migraine; such as seeing colors convulsion alternating between strong involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations seizure sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms; such as in epileptic seizure focal seizure seizure in only one limb or body part syncopefainting

17. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Vocabulary consciousawake and aware of surroundings unconscious unaware of surroundings; unable to respond to stimuli comastate of profound unconsciousness paresthesia abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling tremor involuntary repetitive alternating movements

18. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Vocabulary deliriumconfusion, disorientation, and agitation dementiaimpaired intellectual function hemiparesisweakness on one side of body paralysis temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement hemiplegiaparalysis on one side of body paraplegiaparalysis of lower portion of body palsyloss of ability to control movements

19. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology Alzheimer’s disease disorder characterized by progressive dementia, disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory astrocytoma malignant tumor originating in astrocytes, a neuroglial cell brain tumor intracranial mass; may be malignant or benign; dangerous because occupies space cerebral aneurysm ballooning of cerebral artery; may cause stroke

20. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.9 – Color enhanced CT-scan showing two malignant tumors in the brain. (Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

21. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.10 – Common locations for cerebral artery aneurysms in the Circle of Willis.

22. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology cerebral contusion bruising of brain from impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hrs; include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupils concussion brain injury from impact; symptoms last less than 24 hrs cerebral palsy (CP) brain damage results from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth

23. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology cerebrovascular accident (CVA) infarct due to loss of blood supply to brain; may be due to hemorrhage, thrombus, embolus, or compression; commonly called a stroke transient ischemic attack (TIA) temporary interference with blood supply to brain; may lead to a CVA migraine specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea

24. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.11 – The four common causes for cerebrovascular accidents.

25. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology epilepsy seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain tonic-clonic seizure epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms; formerly called grand mal absence seizure epileptic seizure characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity; formerly called petit mal

26. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology hydrocephalus accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles Parkinson’s disease chronic disorder of brain with tremors, weakness, muscle rigidity, and shuffling gait Reye syndrome acute encephalopathy and organ damage; follows viral infection and associated with taking aspirin

27. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.12 – Hydrocephalus.

28. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Spinal Cord Pathology amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) degeneration of motor neurons of spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig’s disease poliomyelitis viral infection affecting spinal cord; paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent spinal cord injury (SCI) damage to spinal cord due to trauma; may be bruised and recover or severed and permanent

29. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Spinal Cord Pathology spina bifida congenital defect where lamina of vertebra do not meet or close to form spinal canal meningocele protrusion of meninges sac through opening left by spina bifida defect myelomeningocele protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through opening left by spina bifida defect

30. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.13 – Spina bifida.

31. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nerve Pathology Bell’s palsy one-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve caused by virus Guillain-Barré syndrome temporary loss of myelin sheath; may be autoimmune; starts in legs and progresses up nervous system multiple sclerosis (MS) loss of myelin sheath; results in weakness and numbness

32. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nerve Pathology myasthenia gravis muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at synapses shingles eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus

33. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Meninges Pathology epidural hematoma mass of blood in space outside dura mater subdural hematoma mass of blood forming inside subdural space; due to torn meningeal blood vessel; space occupying lesion

34. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.15 – A subdural hematoma.

35. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests cerebrospinal fluid analysis examination of CSF; may detect infections and blood in the fluid

36. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging brain scan image of brain after injection of radioactive isotopes into bloodstream cerebral angiography X-ray of cerebral blood vessels after injection of radiopaque dye echoencephalographyultrasound image of brain

37. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging myelography X-ray of spinal cord after injection of radiopaque dye into spinal canal positron emission tomography (PET) use of positive radionuclides to construct an image of the brain; image reveals metabolic activity of brain areas

38. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Additional Diagnostic Tests Babinski’s reflex reflex test that reveals nervous system lesions; performed by stroking sole of foot electroencephalography (EEG) records the electrical activity of brain lumbar puncture puncture to remove CSF for examination nerve conduction velocity measures speed at which an impulse travels along a nerve; reveals nerve damage

39. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.16 – A lumbar puncture.

40. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Treatment nerve block anesthetic injection into nerve area to block nerve impulses on that nerve; used to treat chronic pain

41. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Surgical Treatments carotid endarterectomy removes blockage of major artery in neck that carries blood to brain by removing inner lining of the artery cerebrospinal fluid shunt shunt carries CSF from ventricle to abdominal cavity; treats hydrocephalus laminectomy removes part of vertebra; relieves pressure on spinal nerve tractotomy surgical cut of nerve tract; treats severe chronic pain

42. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Pharmacology analgesic treats minor to moderate pain, non-narcotic Tylenol, Aleve anesthetic produces loss of sensation or consciousness Xylocaine, Novocain anticonvulsant reduces nerve excitability to prevent seizures Tegretol, Nembutal dopaminergic drugs treats Parkinson’s disease L-dopa, Sinemet

43. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Pharmacology hypnoticpromotes sleepSeconal, Restoril narcotic analgesic treats severe pain OxyContin, Demerol sedative calming or relaxing effect Amytal, Butisol

44. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Abbreviations ALSamyotrophic lateral sclerosis ANSautonomic nervous system CNScentral nervous system CPcerebral palsy CSFcerebrospinal fluid CVAcerebrovascular accident CVDcerebrovascular disease EEGelectroencephalography

45. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Abbreviations HAheadache ICPintracranial pressure LPlumbar puncture MSmultiple sclerosis PETpositron emission tomography PNSperipheral nervous system SCIspinal cord injury TIAtransient ischemic attack