Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation

Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation
15 Lecture Notes A PowerPoint Presentation Nervous System Classroom Activity to Accompany Medical Terminology Systems, Seventh Edition Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding

Structure and Function
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function Two main divisions Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Further subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems 2 2

Structure and Function (continued)
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) CNS Brain Largest organ of the nervous system Located in the cranium Four major structures Cerebrum (and its lobes) Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain stem Integration of almost every physical and mental activity of the body 3 3

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) CNS (continued) Spinal cord Long, narrow column of neural tissue within the spinal cavity or canal Extending from the brain stem to the second lumbar vertebra in the spinal column Protected by the bony structure of the vertebral column Protected and nourished by the meninges Relay station for sending and receiving electrical signals between the brain and body 4 4

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) CNS (continued) Meninges Three layers of protective membrane covering the brain and spinal cord Dura mater (outermost layer) Arachnoid (middle layer) Pia mater (innermost layer) 5 5

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) PNS Cranial nerves 12 pairs that emerge from the brainstem Named according to location or function Spinal nerves 31 pairs that emerge from the spinal cord Named according to the vertebra from which they exit Defined by the direction in which impulses travel Sensory (afferent) neurons—to the CNS Motor (different) neurons—away from the CNS 6 6

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) PNS (continued) Motor neurons send impulses Somatic nervous system (SNS) Regulates skeletal (striated) muscles (voluntary actions) such as walking and talking Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Regulates visceral (smooth) muscles (involuntary actions) such as heart rate and peristalsis, and glandular and secretory activity 7 7

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) PNS (continued) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) (continued) Consists of two subdivisions that regulate involuntary body functions and usually oppose the action of the other Sympathetic (fight or flight) increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure to deal with a crisis Parasympathetic (rest and digest) slows heart rate, increases glandular secretions, relaxes sphincters 8 8

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) Cellular structure of the nervous system Neuron Individual nerve cell Interconnecting to form complicated networks called nerves that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body Neuroglia Glial cells that provide a supportive framework for neurons Responsible for protecting against infection by performing phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting unwanted substances) Unable to transmit electrical impulses 9 9

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) Cellular structure of the nervous system (continued) Neuroglia (continued) Four types of neuroglial cells Astrocyte Star-shaped cell Numerous radiating extensions for attachment that are wrapped around the brain and capillaries Part of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents harmful substances from diffusing into the brain 10 10

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) Cellular structure of the nervous system (continued) Neuroglia (continued) Four types of neuroglial cells (continued) Microglia Small interstitial cells Phagocytic in nature, engulfing cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens within nerve tissue Increase in number during injury or infection as cells migrate to the infected or injured area 11 11

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function (continued) Cellular structure of the nervous system (continued) Neuroglia (continued) Four types of neuroglial cells (continued) Oligodendrocyte Resembling an astrocyte but smaller with fewer extensions Responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath on neurons Ependyma Cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord Responsible for production of cerebral spinal fluid and assistance in its circulation 12 12

Structure and Function Exercise
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function Exercise What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? Name the cells that transmit impulses. List the two structures that make up the CNS. Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 13 13

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function Exercise What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) Name the cells that transmit impulses. Neurons List the two structures that make up the CNS. Brain and spinal cord Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 14 14

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function Exercise What is the function of neuroglial cells? What membranes provide a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord? Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 15 15

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and Function Exercise What is the function of neuroglial cells? They perform the functions of support and protection; they do not transmit electrical impulses. What membranes provide a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord? Meninges Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 16 16

Combining Forms Exercise
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Combining Forms Exercise List the CF(s) for: cerebrum: cerebellum: thalamus: spinal cord:

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Combining Forms Exercise cerebrum: cerebr/o cerebellum: cerebell/o thalamus: thalam/o spinal cord: myel/o

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Combining Forms Exercise medulla: cranium (skull): movement: brain:

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Combining Forms Exercise medulla: medull/o cranium (skull): crani/o movement: kinesi/o brain: encephal/o

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Combining Forms Exercise ganglion (knot or knot-like mass): nerve: nerve root: sheath (usually referring to meninges):

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Combining Forms Exercise ganglion (knot or knot-like mass): gangli/o nerve: neur/o nerve root: radicul/o sheath (usually referring to meninges): thec/o

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Combining Forms Exercise ventricle (of heart or brain): stupor; numbness; sleep: glue; neuroglial tissue:

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Combining Forms Exercise ventricle (of heart or brain): ventricul/o stupor; numbness; sleep: narc/o glue; neuroglial tissue: gli/o

Complete the Medical Word Exercise
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Complete the Medical Word Exercise tumor (composed) of neuroglial tissue: gli/ condition of poor (muscle) tone: / /ia herniation or swelling of the meninges: /o/ 25

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Complete the Medical Word Exercise tumor (composed) of neuroglial tissue: gli/oma condition of poor (muscle) tone: dys/ton/ia herniation or swelling of the meninges: mening/o/cele 26

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Complete the Medical Word Exercise seizure of stupor, numbness, or sleep: narc/o/ softening of the cranium: /o/ tumor of a ganglion: /oma 27

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Complete the Medical Word Exercise seizure of stupor, numbness, or sleep: narc/o/lepsy softening of the cranium: crani/o/malacia tumor of a ganglion: gangli/oma 28

Build Medical Words Exercise
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Build Medical Words Exercise without speech: study of (muscles and body) movement: separation, destruction, loosening of a nerve: 29 29

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Build Medical Words Exercise without speech: a/phasia study of (muscles and body) movement: kinesi/o/logy separation, destruction, loosening of a nerve: neur/o/lysis 30 30

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Build Medical Words Exercise inflammation of meninges: pertaining to stupor, numbness, sleep: partial paralysis of one-half (of the body): 31 31

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Build Medical Words Exercise inflammation of meninges: mening/itis pertaining to stupor, numbness, sleep: narc/o/tic partial paralysis of one-half (of the body): hemi/plegia 32 32

Diseases and Conditions
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions Neural Tube Defect (NTD) Congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord) Two most common forms include anencephaly andspina bifida Pedagogical Note: To tailor the slide presentation to your individual needs, simply delete or add slides and textual material. Numerous sources are available for illustrations and information on various web sites.

Diseases and Conditions (continued)
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) NTD (continued) Anencephaly Brain fails to form during fetal development Baby is usually stillborn or dies shortly after birth Spina Bifida Abnormal opening in the vertebral column Spinal cord and nerves may protrude Defect covered only by the meninges

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) NTD (continued) Spina bifida (continued) Most common, least severe NTD with the best prognosis (with most infants growing into adulthood) Three forms Occulta (mildest form) — small gap or malformation in one or more of the spinal vertebrae (See illustration, middle left.)

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) NTD (continued) Spina bifida (continued) Three common forms (continued) Meningocele (rarest) — protrusion of meninges through an opening in the spine (See illustration, middle right.)

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) NTD (continued) Spina bifida (continued) Three common forms (continued) Meningomyelocele (most severe) — protrusion of spinal cord and meninges through an opening in the spine (See illustration, far right.)

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) NTD (continued) Signs and symptoms Spina bifida occulta — usually asymptomatic Meningocele and myelomeningocele Possibly a sac on the back near the protrusion Varying degrees of paralysis, depending on the severity of the disorder Bowel or bladder problems Seizures

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) NTD (continued) Treatment Spina bifida occulta — usually no treatment required Meningocele and myelomeningocele Surgical repair of the sac Supportive measures to promote independence and decrease possibility of complications Preventive treatment — addition of folic acid to the diet of women of childbearing age

Clinically Related Exercise
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. C. asks about the importance of taking a folic acid vitamin supplement during pregnancy. What should the physician tell her? Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 40 40

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. C. asks about the importance of taking a folic acid vitamin supplement during pregnancy. What should the physician tell her? A folic acid supplement helps prevent spina bifida in the fetus and is usually prescribed to women of childbearing age. Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 41 41

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Baby S. is diagnosed with meningomyelocele and the mother asks the physician to explain this congenital defect. How should the physician respond? Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 42 42

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Baby S. is diagnosed with meningomyelocele and the mother asks the physician to explain this congenital defect. How should the physician respond? This defect involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), and spinal cord (myelocele). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 43 43

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise The parents of Baby R. ask the nurse to explain the type of treatment recommended for spina bifida occulta. How should the nurse respond? Baby M. is diagnosed with spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges. The medical term for this condition is (meningocele, meningomyelocele, myelocele). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 44 44

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise The parents of Baby R. ask the nurse to explain the type of treatment recommended for spina bifida occulta. How should the nurse respond? Spina bifida occulta usually does not require treatment. Baby M. is diagnosed with spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges. The medical term for this condition is (meningocele, meningomyelocele, myelocele). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 45 45

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Baby Z. is born with a protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord. This diagnosis is charted as (meningocele, meningomyelocele, myelocele). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 46 46

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Baby Z. is born with a protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord. This diagnosis is charted as (meningocele, meningomyelocele, myelocele). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 47 47

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Spinal Cord Injury Spinal injury or disease resulting in a lack of or decrease in function or feeling Degree of dysfunction related to site of injury on the spinal cord (higher site associated with greater dysfunction) (See illustration.)

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Spinal Cord Injury (continued) Signs and symptoms Loss or decrease of feeling or function History of trauma (such as a car accident or gun shot wound) Occasionally, exaggerated reflexes or spasms Possible loss of motor and sensory functions in the legs and trunk (paraplegia) Possible loss of bowel, bladder, and sexual function (quadriplegia)

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Spinal Cord Injury (continued) Treatment Restoration and stabilization of the injured spinal area Halo brace to immobilize the head and neck vertebrae (See illustration.)

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Spinal Cord Injury (continued) Treatment (continued) Decompression of compressed neurological structures Prevention of secondary complications (contractures, pressure ulcers) Surgery Drugs Cooling of the affected portion of the spine

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. E. was involved in an car accident and is diagnosed with a severe spinal cord injury in the lumbar region. As a result, he is unable to use his (arms, legs, body on the right side). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 52 52

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. E. was involved in an car accident and is diagnosed with a severe spinal cord injury in the lumbar region. As a result, he is unable to use his (arms, legs, body on the right side). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 53 53

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Ms. V. has suffered a serious spinal cord injury. The injured vertebra is pressing on the spinal cord, causing further damage. The surgeon will perform a(n) (anastomosis, decompression, excision) of the injured vertebra. Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 54 54

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Ms. V. has suffered a serious spinal cord injury. The injured vertebra is pressing on the spinal cord, causing further damage. The surgeon will perform a (anastomosis, decompression, excision) of the injured vertebra. Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 55 55

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise The nurse explains that a C6 injury results in paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk. This type of impairment is called (paraplegia, quadriplegia, total paralysis). Mr. R. arrives at the clinic with paralysis of the lower portion of his body and both legs. The medical term for this spinal cord impairment is (hemiplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 56 56

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise The nurse explains that a C6 injury results in paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk. This type of impairment is called (paraplegia, quadriplegia, total paralysis). Mr. R. arrives at the clinic with paralysis of the lower portion of his body and both legs. The medical term for this spinal cord impairment is (hemiplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 57 57

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Stroke Any disorder of the cerebral blood vessels that causes a loss of consciousness due to oxygen deprivation of brain tissue Sometimes called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Stroke (continued) Manifestations appearing on opposite side of body from the brain hemisphere affected For example, left-sided weakness (see illustration) from injury to right hemisphere

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Stroke (continued) Types of stroke Ischemic — blockage of carotid arteries by plaque or thrombus, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the brain (See illustration.)

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Stroke (continued) Types of stroke (continued) Intracerebral hemorrhage Rupture of vessels in the brain Compression and destruction of brain structures from released blood Subarachnoid hemorrhage Release of blood into the space surrounding the brain Commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm Usually fatal

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Stroke (continued) Signs and symptoms Hemiparesis Ataxia Aphasia Loss of consciousness Blurred vision Commonly preceded by a transient ischemic attack (TIA) (signs and symptoms of a mild stroke that resolve within 24 hours)

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Stroke (continued) Treatment CT scan to determine the type and extent of stroke “Clot busters” to dissolve clots Antihypertensives to control blood pressure Physical, occupational, and speech therapy

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. C. is aware that strokes are commonly preceded by mild, stroke-like symptoms that usually resolve within 24 hours. His physician advises him to seek medical attention if he experiences such symptoms, called a TIA, which is the abbreviation for Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 64 64

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. C. is aware that strokes are commonly preceded by mild, stroke-like symptoms that usually resolve within 24 hours. His physician advises him to seek medical attention if he experiences such symptoms, called a TIA, which is the abbreviation for transient ischemic attack. Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 65 65

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. L. suffered a stroke that affected the left side of her brain and resulted in a speech impairment. The physician charts this disorder as (aphasia, dysphagia, dysphasia). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 66 66

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. L. suffered a stroke that affected the left side of her brain and resulted in a speech impairment. The physician charts this disorder as (aphasia, dysphagia, dysphasia). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 67 67

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. R. suffered a stroke 6 months ago. Today, he must use a cane when he walks, due to weakness in his left leg. The medical term for this weakness is (paraplegia, hemiplegia, hemiparesis). Ms. A. suffered a stroke and now has difficulty eating and swallowing. How should the nurse chart these difficulties? Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 68 68

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. R. suffered a stroke 6 months ago. Today, he must use a cane when he walks, due to weakness in his left leg. The medical term for this weakness is (paraplegia, hemiplegia, hemiparesis). Ms. A. suffered a stroke and now has difficulty eating and swallowing. How should the nurse chart these difficulties? dysphagia Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 69 69

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) Alzheimer Disease (AD) Most common form of dementia Interference with memory, learning, and, eventually, the ability to function Associated with neuritic “plaques” that form in a small area of the brain and, eventually, spread Definitive diagnosis only possible on autopsy

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) AD (continued) Signs and symptoms Forgetfulness Diminished interest in daily activity, acquaintances, and surroundings Getting lost on familiar routes Personality changes Loss of social skills

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diseases and Conditions (continued) AD (continued) Treatment Primarily supportive Altering the environment to ensure the patient’s safety Support of family members and caregivers Medical management, considering potential adverse effects

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. A. is becoming forgetful and withdrawing from social interactions with her family. She looses track of time and commonly forgets to eat her meals. The physician diagnoses her disorder as (deterioration, dyslexia, dementia). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 73 73

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. A. is becoming forgetful and withdrawing from social interactions with her family. She looses track of time and commonly forgets to eat her meals. The physician diagnoses her disorder as (deterioration, dyslexia, dementia). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 74 74

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. B. is concerned that her father has Alzheimer disease because of his dementia. The doctor advises her that Alzheimer disease can only be definitively diagnosed on autopsy, when brain tissue reveals (hydrocephalus, neuritic plaques, aneurysm). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 75 75

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. B. is concerned that her father has Alzheimer disease because of his dementia. The doctor advises her that Alzheimer disease can only be definitively diagnosed on autopsy, when brain tissue reveals (hydrocephalus, neuritic plaques, aneurysm). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 76 76

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Vocabulary Challenge Exercise aura: convulsion: lethargy: Pedagogical Note: To customize the medical vocabulary, simply add or delete the terms on the slide. Also, numerous images are available from the image bank and/or other resources if you want to add illustrations. You may also wish to use this slide in a group project activity during class. 77 77

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Vocabulary Challenge Exercise aura: awareness or feeling of an approaching physical or mental disorder, commonly preceding a seizure convulsion: any sudden, violent contraction of one or more muscles lethargy: abnormal inactivity of lack of response to normal stimuli Pedagogical Note: To customize the medical vocabulary, simply add or delete the terms on the slide. Also, numerous images are available from the image bank and/or other resources if you want to add illustrations. You may also wish to use this slide in a group project activity during class. 78 78

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Vocabulary Challenge Exercise palsy: paresthesia: syncope: Pedagogical Note: To customize the medical vocabulary, simply add or delete the terms on the slide. Also, numerous images are available from the image bank and/or other resources if you want to add illustrations. You may also wish to use this slide in a group project activity during class. 79 79

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Vocabulary Challenge Exercise palsy: paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness, shaking, or uncontrolled tremors paresthesia: sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity syncope: temporary loss of consciousness; also called fainting Pedagogical Note: To customize the medical vocabulary, simply add or delete the terms on the slide. Also, numerous images are available from the image bank and/or other resources if you want to add illustrations. You may also wish to use this slide in a group project activity during class. 80 80

Medical and Surgical Procedures
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Medical and Surgical Procedures Cryosurgery Exposure of abnormal tissue to extreme cold (super freezing) Usually using liquid nitrogen to produce a low temperature Commonly used to treat tumors and pain and control bleeding Thalamotomy Destruction of a very small area of the thalamus Used to control tremors in Parkinson disease 81

Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued) Stereotaxic radiosurgery Production of three-dimentional coordinates to determine the precise location of small areas for treatment Used to determine location for various procedures, including excision, biopsy, stimulation, or manipulation Tractotomy Incision of a nerve tract, usually in the brain stem or spinal cord Used to relieve intractable pain 82

Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued)
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Medical and Surgical Procedures (continued) Trephination Production of a circular opening into the skull using a special device called a trephine Used to reveal brain tissue or relieve intracranial pressure 83

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. J. has scleroderma, an autoimmune disease that primarily affects connective tissue. The condition worsens, with increasing pain that quickly becomes intractable. Mr. J. will undergo surgery to control the pain, a procedure called (tractotomy, lobotomy, myelotomy). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 84 84

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. J. has scleroderma, an autoimmune disease that primarily affects connective tissue. The condition worsens, with increasing pain that quickly becomes intractable. Mr. J. will undergo surgery to control the pain, a procedure called (tractotomy, lobotomy, myelotomy). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 85 85

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. P. sustained a concussion and face lacerations in a car accident. She developed a very large epidural hematoma. To treat this hematoma, the surgeon will remove a circular piece of skull bone to expose the hematoma, in a procedure called (trephination, craniocentesis, cranioablation). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 86 86

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mrs. P. sustained a concussion and face lacerations in a car accident. She developed a very large epidural hematoma. To treat this hematoma, the surgeon will remove a circular piece of skull bone to expose the hematoma, in a procedure called (trephination, craniocentesis, cranioablation). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 87 87

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. B. is having surgery to remove a brain tumor. The surgeon will make an opening in the skull to gain access to the tumor in a procedure called (craniotomy, thalamotomy, tractotomy). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 88 88

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. B. is having surgery to remove a brain tumor. The surgeon will make an opening in the skull to gain access to the tumor in a procedure called (craniotomy, thalamotomy, tractotomy). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 89 89

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Ms. S. has suffered from Parkinson disease for 15 years. Her tremors have become disabling and she will undergo surgery to control them. This surgery is called (craniotomy, thalamotomy, tractotomy). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 90 90

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Ms. S. has suffered from Parkinson disease for 15 years. Her tremors have become disabling and she will undergo surgery to control them. This surgery is called (craniotomy, thalamotomy, tractotomy). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 91 91

Diagnostic Procedures
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diagnostic Procedures Electroencephalography (EEG) Placement of electrodes on the skull using adhesive strips Recording of electrical activity of the brain on tracings (strips of paper) Analysis of tracings to help locate seizure focus or areas of inactivity Pedagogical Note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other diagnostic procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. 92 92

Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diagnostic Procedures (continued) Electromyography (EMG) Positioning of electrodes in a skeletal muscle Recording of electrical signals from the muscle at rest and during contraction Used to evaluate the health of the muscle and its response to electrical stimuli Pedagogical Note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other diagnostic procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. 93 93

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diagnostic Procedures (continued) Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) Measurement of the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve Stimulation of the nerve from one electrode with placement of the other electrode over different areas of the nerve Used to measure the speed that the impulse travels down the nerve Used to diagnose demyelination disorders Commonly performed in conjuction with EMG Pedagogical Note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other diagnostic procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. 94 94

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diagnostic Procedures (continued) Positron emission tomography (PET) Imaging procedure that records metabolic activity Use of a biologically active substance (tracer) that emits positively charged molecules Commonly used in conjuction with computed tomography (CT) Used to scan brain and nervous tissue to identify areas of abnormal activity that occur in schizophrenia, tumors, epilepsy, stroke, and AD Pedagogical Note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other diagnostic procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. 95 95

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diagnostic Procedures (continued) Computed tomography (CT) Use of a computer to generate three-dimensional images Especially effective in diagnosing disorders of the brain and spinal cord Used to visualize tumors, abscesses, hemorrhage, and trauma Pedagogical Note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other diagnostic procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. 96 96

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diagnostic Procedures (continued) Computed tomography angiography (CTA) Use of a computer to generate three-dimensional images of the vascular structure of the brain Replacement for cerebral angiography (for the most part) Especially valuable in assessing suspected aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations Pedagogical Note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other diagnostic procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. 97 97

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Diagnostic Procedures (continued) Lumbar puncture Insertion of a needle and syringe into the lumbar area of the spine (See illustration.) Used to withdraw a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis Pedagogical Note: You may want to bring a few diagnostic instruments or laboratory setups for students to examine. Various images of medical instruments are available on the web if you do not have the actual instruments. In addition, other diagnostic procedures can be included to suit individual classroom needs. 98 98

Build a Medical Word Exercise
15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Build a Medical Word Exercise process of recording the electrical (waves) of the brain: process of recording excess (beyond the audible range) sound: pertaining to the cerebrum and spine: 99 99

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Build a Medical Word Exercise process of recording the electrical (waves) of the brain: electr/o/encephal/o/graphy process of recording excess (beyond the audible range) sound: ultra/son/o/graphy Pertaining to the cerebrum and spine: cerebr/o/spinal 100 100

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Build a Medical Word Exercise process of recording a vessel: record (x-ray) of the spinal cord: 101 101

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Build a Medical Word Exercise process of recording a vessel: angi/o/graphy Record (x-ray) of the spinal cord: myel/o/gram 102 102

Pharmacology Anesthetics Anticonvulsants Antiparkinsonian agents 15
NERVOUS SYSTEM Pharmacology Anesthetics General Local Nerve block Anticonvulsants Antiparkinsonian agents 103 103

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. W. experiences tremors, facial rigidity, bradykinesia, and poor coordination and balance. His physician prescribes a(n) (analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiparkinsonian agent). Ms. E. is scheduled for a craniotomy. The anesthesiologist informs her that she will be unconscious for the procedure. This type of anesthetic is called (general, local, topical). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 104 104

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. W. experiences tremors, facial rigidity, bradykinesia, and poor coordination and balance. His physician prescribes a(n) (analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiparkinsonian agent). Ms. E. is scheduled for a craniotomy. The anesthesiologist informs her that she will be unconscious for the procedure. This type of anesthetic is called (general, local, topical). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 105 105

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. M. experiences seizures. To control these seizures, the physician prescribes an (anesthetic, anticonvulsant, antiparkinsonian agent). The neurosurgeon plans to treat Mrs. C.’s back pain with a regional anesthetic to stop the passage of sensory stimulation along the nerve path. This therapeutic procedure is known as a nerve (block, inhibitor, pressor). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 106 106

15 NERVOUS SYSTEM Clinically Related Exercise Mr. M. experiences seizures. To control these seizures, the physician prescribes an (anesthetic, anticonvulsant, antiparkinsonian agent). The neurosurgeon plans to treat Mrs. C.’s back pain with a regional anesthetic to stop the passage of sensory stimulation along the nerve path. This therapeutic procedure is known as a nerve (block, inhibitor, pressor). Pedagogical Note: You may wish to add other clinical scenarios from actual medical reports or web site resources to tailor these sections to suit your classroom needs. 107 107

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Copyright © 2013 by F.A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This product is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without written permission from the publisher.

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