2. BREADBOARDS Breadboards are used to test circuits. Wires and components are simply pushed into the holes to form a completed circuit and power can be applied. One of the main advantages of using a breadboard is that the components are not soldered and if they are positioned incorrectly they can be moved easily to a new position on the board.

5. HT12E HT12E is Encoder integrated circuit  HT-holtech  12-buses (8address bus and 4 data buses)  E – encoder  It is also a 18 leg IC, It converts digital signals into suitable form to be transmitted through EM signals (i.e. parallel to serial). It is an 8-bit Encoder. The HT12E is usually used for 433 MHz wireless modules. It is an 18 leg IC.

8. The pin configurations are as follows: HT12E Pin 1. A 0: 7 – These are the address pins. 2.GND – This is the ground pin. This pin should 3.V cc – The V CC pin is where we need to supply the also be connected to the –ve of the battery. input voltage for the working of the encoder. It is used to power the IC. 4.Osc1: 2 – these pins are the oscillator input and pins. For the ordinary circuit, they are connected to each other with the help of an external resistor. output

9. 5.TE – This is the transmission enable pin. When 6.Output – This is an output pin. The data in EM 7.AD0: 3 – T hese are the data/address pins. this is given Ground (Low), then data transmission starts. signals is given out from this pin.

10. HT12D is a Decoder integrated circuit It is a 18 pin IC  HT - Holtech.  12 denotes the number of buses(4 data bus 8 address bus).  D – Decoder. It decodes signals into suitable form to be transmitted through EM signals (serial to parallel). It is an 8-bit Encoder. The HT12D is usually used for 433 MHz wireless modules. It is an 18 leg IC.

13. The pin configurations are as follows: A0: 7 – these are the address pins. V ss : this is the ground pin. This pin should be connected to V DD : the V CC pin is where we need to supply the input voltage Osc1: 2 – these pins are the oscillator input and output pins. For DIN : this is the Data input pin. The data input from the VT : this is an output pin. This pin gives the output as soon as D8 –11 : these are the data pins. –ve of the battery. for the working of the encoder. It is used to power the IC. the ordinary circuit, they are connected to each other with the help of an external resistor. receiver module is fed in this pin.v any signal s received by the receiver.

14. TRANS-RECIVER PAIR

15. We start with the L293D. L293D is a popular motor driving IC. It is a 16 pin IC. The IC has 8 pins on both the sides. It has 2 enable pins, 1 V SS pin, 1 V S pin, 4 ground pins, 4 input pins and 4 output pins. L293D (Motor driver IC)

17. Pin diagram-

18. The descriptions of the pins are as follows: 1.Enable – the enable pins, when are given true, (i.e. 1) then they enable the respective part of the IC. The enable 1 chip enables the Left part of the IC for inputs and outputs, and so does the Enable 2 does to the right part of the IC. 2.V SS – this pin is to be given an input of 5 volts. This is used to power up the chip for its operations. 3.V S – this pin is given the voltage that we have to supply to the motors. This voltage comes out through the output pins. Due to the gates used in the IC, the output is usually 8 to 2 volts less than the V s. 4.Input – the input pin decides whether output has to be given to he respective output pin or not. When the Input is true, then output is also 1 in the respective output pin. When input in the Input pin is 0, and then output in the respective output pin is also 0. 5.Output – the output pin is connected to the terminals of the motor. The input pins, as stated above, control its output. 6.GND – these pins are the ground pins (Zero).

20. RESISTER

21. CAPACITORS: A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field.The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e., insulator). The conductors can be thin films of metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc. The 'nonconducting' dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, a capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.passivetwo terminalelectrical componentenergy electrostaticallyelectric fieldelectrical conductorsdielectricinsulatorelectrical circuitsresistorenergyelectrostatic field

24. 7805 Voltage Regulator IC  It is used to convert the input varying supply (usually 9-32 volts) to a stabilized 5 volts supply, which is used to drive the circuitry.

26. MOTORS  Output RPM: 150 rpm  Input Voltage: 6-12 V  Stall Current: 500 – 600mA  Shaft length: 2.4 cm

29. LED (Light Emitting Diode )

30. TYRES

32. DPDT SWICH

35. BETTERY CAP

36. THANK YOU