1. New Mexico Forests

2. Fig. 2.1 in Dick-Peddie, W.A. 1993. New Mexico Vegetation. VEGETATION TYPES OF NEW MEXICO (1880)

3. VEGETATION TYPES OF NEW MEXICO (18,000 Years Ago) Fig. 2.4 in Dick-Peddie, W.A. 1993. New Mexico Vegetation.

4. VEGETATION TYPES OF NEW MEXICO (100 MillionYears Ago)

5. BROAD GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES

6. PALEOZOIC ERA (550 – 250 MYA)

7. MESOZOIC ERA (250 – 50 MYA)

8. EARLY CRETACEOUS

9. LATE CRETACEOUS

11. CENOZOIC ERA (50 MYA - Present) Quaternary Period: Tertiary Period:

12. EARLY TERTIARY (Continent Wide Moderate-Warm Climates)

13. EARLY TERTIARY GEOFLORAS

14. EARLY TERTIARY: Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora Western Northern Eastern

15. EARLY TERTIARY: Neotropical -Tertiary Geoflora

16. EARLY TERTIARY: Madrean -Tertiary Geoflora

17. EARLY TERTIARY GEOFLORAS In NEW MEXICO

18. LATE TERTIARY (Continent-Wide Cooling)

19. LATE TERTIARY (Continued Orogeny of the Rocky Mountains)

20. LATE TERTIARY (Grassland Development in Rain Shadow and Eastward)

21. LATE TERTIARY Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora: Neotropical-Tertiary Geoflora: Madro-Tertiary Geoflora:

22. QUATERNARY (Pleistocene)

23. Pluvial Lakes: A large lake associated with excessive rain and little evapotranspiration. Poorly drained.

24. QUATERNARY (Pleistocene) Height of the Wisconsin Glaciation (18,000 ybp)

25. QUATERNARY (Pleistocene) *Spruce-Fir Forests Alpine Tundra

26. Palynology: Analysis of Pollen Cores Juniperus Poaceae Pinus Salix 15

27. 20,000 ybpCurrent QUATERNARY (Pleistocene) (Wilcox Playa)

28. QUATERNARY (Pleistocene) (Plains of San Agustin) 10,000 ybpCurrent

29. RECENT QUATERNARY (Holocene)

30. 3 4 Biogenic Deposits (Packrat Middens) RECENT QUATERNARY (Holocene) 8 7

31. Midden: Organic Deposits of Plant Debris and Feces Cemented by “Amberat” (dried urine)

32. 11 12 13 RECENT QUATERNARY (Holocene) Saguaro Cactus Seeds Mesquite Seeds Pinon Seeds Packrat Midden Macrofossil Analysis

33. RECENT QUATERNARY (late Pleistocene - Holocene) (18,000 – 3,300 ybp) Sacramento Mountains, NM Packrat Middens

34. RECENT QUATERNARY (late Pleistocene - Holocene) Packrat Midden Analysis: Sacramento Mountains, NM (5,300 ft) 18,000 ybp 10,000 ybp 8,000 ybp

35. 7,300 ybp 5,500 ybp Packrat Midden Analysis: Sacramento Mountains, NM (5,300 ft) RECENT QUATERNARY (late Pleistocene - Holocene)

36. 3,300 ybp Packrat Midden Analysis: Sacramento Mountains, NM (5,300 ft)

37. NATURE OF PLANT SUCCESSION Frederic Clements: Communities of Plants shift their Distribution at the same Rate and Time (“Clementisian” View) Henry Gleason: Individual Plants Shift their Distribution at their OWN Rate and Time (“Gleasonian” View) 18,000 ybp 10,000 ybp

38. Figs. 2.1, 2.4 in W.A. Dick-Peddie 1993. New Mexico Vegetation. Modern and Recent Extent of NM Forests

39. Dick-Peddie, W.A. 1993. New Mexico Vegetation. University of New Mexico Press McClaren, M.P. and T.R. Van Devender. 1997. The Desert Grassland. University of Arizona Press. Primary Literature Sources

40. Allred, K.W. 1996. Vegetative changes in New Mexico Rangelands. New Mexico Journal of Science 36:168-229

41. 1 http://earthintime.com/holocene.jpg 2 http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/evolution/equidae/http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/evolution/equidae/ cenozoic.jpg 3 http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/hueco/images/packrat-midden.html 4 http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/hueco/images/figure3.html 5 http://www.bridgerlandaudubon.org/wildaboututah/images/PackRatMiddenhttp://www.bridgerlandaudubon.org/wildaboututah/images/PackRatMidden KenColePic2.jpg 6 http://www.bridgerlandaudubon.org/wildaboututah/090924packratgrazing.htm 7 http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/geos462/packratpsm.gif 8 http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/geos462/28packrats.html 10 http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/geos462/28packrats.html 11 http://www.forestryimages.org/images/192x128/5376716.jpg 12 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/137/350242627_3c926995a8.jpg

42. 13 http://www.treenm.com/images/trees/pinon_seeds.jpg 14 http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/geos462/28packrats.html 15 http://www.cabq.gov/airquality/images/Juniper_001.jpg 16 http://img1.photographersdirect.com/img/11769/wm/pd802593.jpg 17 http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/hueco/images/visitor-swd-sm.jpg 18 http://flora.nhm-wien.ac.at/Bilder-G-O/Koeleria-macrantha.jpg 19 http://www.wnmu.edu/academic/nspages2/gilaflora/bouteloua_http://www.wnmu.edu/academic/nspages2/gilaflora/bouteloua_ curtipendula.jpg 20 McClaran, M.P. and T.R. Van Devender. 1995. The desert grassland. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 21 http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/lc/ntenvn/2/images/owl%20http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/lc/ntenvn/2/images/owl%20 pellet.jpg