1. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE NUTRITIONAL ERGOGENIC AIDS AND SWIMMING DON MACLAREN

2. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE WHAT IS AN ERGOGENIC AID? A product that purports to Improve performance

3. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE ENERGY SOURCES, FATIGUE AND SWIMMING EVENTS

4. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE ERGOGENIC AIDS TO FOCUS ON Creatine Alkalinisers Caffeine Β-alanine/carnosine

5. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE ENERGY SOURCES: PCr

6. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE ATP ADP Cr PCr ATP ADP PCr EXERCISE RECOVERY

7. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CREATINE INGESTION: 5 days @ 20g/d 110 120 130 140 150 160 TCr mmol/kg dm Maximum loading

8. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE 0510152025 Days to complete loading 1-2 x 3g 4 x 3g 4 x 5g CREATINE LOADING

9. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CREATINE: how it may work? Increases Total muscle Cr Increases possibility of resynthesis of PCr Enhances muscle buffering ADP + PCr + H + → ATP + Cr Causes muscle swelling and ↑ protein synthesis

10. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE STUDIES ON CREATINE Unlikely on single bouts More likely to help repeated bouts May not help running-based activities More likely to help cycling ad swimming Enhances Strength Increases body mass

11. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CREATINE & SWIMMING Single sprints – 9 studies (n=173) 7 NS; 2 → 2% improvement Repeated sprints – 10 studies (n=186) 9 studies – improvement 1 study – NS Body composition – 12 studies (N=183 ) 7 No change (4-6 days) 5 → + 0.6-1% ↑ Body Mass

12. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE ENERGY SOURCES: ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS Lactate production

13. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE ALKALINISERS: how they may work? Enhance blood buffering (HCO 3 and BE) NOT ↑ in muscle buffer Increases lactate and H + efflux from cell

14. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE LACTATE EFFLUX La H+H+ MUSCLECAPILLARY H+H+ La pH 7.4 HCO 3 pH – 7.0pH -6.5 CAPILLARY HCO 3 pH- 7.8 HCO 3

15. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE STUDIES ON ALKALINISERS Unlikely to help short bouts <60s More likely to help repeated short bouts Can help in events lasting up to 30’ Chronic loading also helps Variety of sporting activities

16. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE ALKALINISERS & SWIMMING Gao et al (1988) EJAP 58:171 10 male college swimmers 5 x 100yds 0.25 g/kg HCO 3 60’ before test 2 x HCO 3 ; 2 x Pl; 1 x nothing

17. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE ALKALINISERS & SWIMMING Pierce et al (1991) JSS 10: 255-259 7 male college swimmers 1 x 100yd then 2 x 200yd Pl v C v HCO 3 (0.2g/kg) given 60’ before swim 100yd – Pl (54.08); C (52.86); HCO 3 (53.63) 2 x 200yd – HCO 3 0.41% and 0.9% faster than C Pl -1.11% and 0.02% compared with C None of the results were significant

18. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CRITERIA FOR POSITIVE USE OF BICARBONATE/CITRATE Dose – 0.3 g Kg -1 BM of HCO 3 or citrate Timing – at least 90 min before exercise Period of ingestion – 30 to 60 min Events –60 s or longer repeated sprints (total work)

19. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CAFFEINE: studies on endurance capacity

20. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CAFFEINE: how it may work? Promotes adrenaline secretion Phosphodiesterase inhibition Adenosine antagonist Intra-cellular Ca 2+ release

21. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE COSTILL (1978) MODEL OF CAFFEINE ACTION

22. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CAFFEINE AND CALCIUM

23. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CAFFEINE and ADENOSINE

24. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CAFFEINE & SWIMMING Collomp et al (1992) 7 Tr and 7 UTr swimmers 2 x 100m with 20’ recovery 250mg Caf or Pl 60’ before Caf – P<0.01 improvement in swim velocity (Tr) NS – UTr or Pl

25. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CAFFEINE & SWIMMING MacIntosh & Wright (1995) 7 Tr swimmers 1500m 6mg/kg Caf or Pl 150’ before Caf – P<0.05 improvement (20:58.8 v 21:21.8) Also ↓ RPE in 100m warm-up before swim

26. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CAFFEINE, HCO 3 & SWIMMING Pruscino et al (2008) IJSNEM 18: 6 elite male 2 x 200m with 30’ recovery Pl v HCO 3 (0.3g/kg) v Caf (6mg/kg) v Caf+HCO 3 1 st 200m – Pl (2:03.77); B (2:03.01); C (2:02:42); C+B (2:01.69) 2 nd 200m – Pl (2:04.22); B (2:02.62); C (2:03.90); C+B (2:01.70) NS – P=0.06

27. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE B-alanine and carnosine: the new kids on the block?? Carnosine is a major intracellular buffer Carnosine is made from beta-alanine + histidine Could ingestion of either carnosine or beta-alanine result in enhanced carnosine levels in muscle? If so, does this increase lead to an improvement in high intensity performance?

28. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE Β-alanine: new kid on the block! Derave et al (2007) – JAP 103, 1736-1743 15 male athletes ingested 4.8g beta-alanine/day or Pl for 4 wk Increase in muscle carnosine (soleus & gastroc) Increase in knee extension torque No sig diff in 400m run or isometric endurance

29. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE Β-alanine: new kid on the block! Hill et al (2007) Amino Acids 32:225-233 13 male subjects + 12 matched controls B-alanine for 10 wks (4g/day) Total work done on cycle at 110% W max Muscle carnosine ↑ 58.8% (4wk) and 80.1% (10wk) Increased equally in both Type I and Type IIa TWD – ↑ 13% (4wk) and further 3.2% (10 wk) TWD – unchanged in control

30. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE CONCLUSIONS Creatine – YES for repeated sprints YES (?) for single sprints Alkalinisers – YES(?) for events > 50m Caffeine – YES for sprints and prolonged Β-Alanine – Potential (?) 50m-200m

31. Research Institute for Sports & Exercise Sciences FACULTY OF SCIENCE OTHER AQUATIC SPORTS Diving Water polo Synchronised swimming