2. Learning Objectives Be able to discuss the motivational theories of Taylor, Maslow, McGregor and Herzberg Discuss motivational theorists relevance to businesses today

3. Motivation Theories Content Theories – Based on the assumption that individuals are motivated by the desire to fulfil their inner needs Focus on human needs and how managers can create conditions that allow workers to satisfy them

4. F.W. Taylor (1856-1915) Taylor was a mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. Taylor is regarded as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultantsindustrial efficiency scientific management management consultants

5. Taylor's scientific management consisted of 7 steps to improve worker productivity: 1.Select workers to perform a task 2.Observe them performing the task and note the key elements of it 3.Record the time taken to do each part of the task 4.Identify the quickest method recorded 5.Train all workers in the quickest method and do not allow them to make any changes to it 6.Supervise workers to ensure that this ‘best way’ is being carried out and time them to check that the set time is not being exceeded 7.Pay workers on the basis of results – ‘economic man’

6. ‘Economic Man’ Taylor believed in the theory of ‘economic man’ That man was motivated by money alone and the only way that he would work more was for the chance to earn more money Taylor’s main motivational suggestion – wage levels based on output ‘Fair days pay for a fair days work’ ‘Piece rate’

7. Relevance of Taylor’s views\methods today Taylor’s ApproachRelevance to modern industryLimitations Economic man Select right people for each job Observe and record the performance of staff Establish the best method of doing a job Piece rate

8. Relevance of Taylor’s views\methods today Taylor’s ApproachRelevance to modern industryLimitations Economic manSome managers still believe money is the only way to motivate Common view that workers have a wide range of needs Select right people for each job The importance he gave to this is still reflected in recruitment procedures today Requires an appropriate selection procedure Observe and record the performance of staff Was widely adopted as ‘time and motion’ study, still used now but with the cooperation and involvement of staff Autocratic technique and workers saw it as a way of making them work even harder Establish the best method of doing a job Still accepted as being important for efficiency Instructions with no discussion or feedback - undesirable Piece rateLittle relevance as it has become difficult to measure output of each worker Widely used payment system

9. Time And Motion Study

10. McDonald’s Corp. thrives by bringing manufacturing rigor and consistency to the restaurant business. At many companies, computerization begins to improve efficiency and give managers more direct control. McDonald’s use it, the catering procedures cooking temperature are same throughout the world training is also the same inspection is carried on Wages are paid on differentiated piece wage system

11. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) American Psychologist

12. Focused on psychological (emotional and mental needs of workers) He revealed five levels of needs, called the hierarchy of needs

14. Interpreted by Maslow as follows: Needs start on the lowest level Once need has been satisfied, humans will strive to achieve the next level Self actualisation is not reached by many people, but everyone IS capable of reaching their potential Once a need has been satisfied, it will no longer motivate individuals to action Reversion is possible – it is possible for the satisfaction at one level to be withdraw – thus moving down a level

15. Business conditions that could allow for the needs to be met Challenging work, opportunities to develop and applying new skills Recognition, status, advancement, responsibility Working in teams, groups to ensure workers feel involved Contract with some job security, ensuring health and safety conditions are met, organisational structure Income from employment high enough to meet essential needs

16. Limitations and criticisms Not everyone has the same needs identified by the hierarchy Identification of worker’s need is difficult Money is necessary to satisfy the physical needs yet it may also be important for esteem and status needs Self actualization needs are never permanently achieved, jobs need to continually offer challenges and opportunities for fulfillment

17. Mc Gregor(1960) THEORY X and THEORY Y

18. Theory X Negative management attitude about workers. Get clear instructions, supervision, do not enjoy work. Authoritarian management style, follows scientific management approach Theory Y Managers have positive approach. They think workers enjoy work and get job satisfaction. Democratic and decentralized approach is followed

20. Does it work? In practice, most managers will have views somewhere between the two extremes Employees will behave in such a way as a result of the attitudes management have of them

21. Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000) Clinical psychologist and pioneer of 'job enrichment', is regarded as one of the great original thinkers in management and motivational theory

22. Herzberg Research on 200 professionally qualified people (accountants and engineers) His theory has had the greatest impact on motivational practices Questionnaire and interview with employees Conclusions: 1.Job satisfaction resulted from 5 main factors – achievement, recognition for achievement, the work itself, responsibility and advancement. The last 3 being the most significant 2.Job dissatisfaction resulted from 5 main factors – company policy and admin, supervision, salary, relationships with others and working conditions

23. Herzberg considered that the hygiene factors had to be addressed by management to prevent dissatisfaction, but even if they were in place, they would not, by themselves, create a well motivated workforce

24. Consequences 1.Pay and working conditions can be improved and these will help remove dissatisfaction about work, but they will not, on their own, provide conditions for motivation to exist 2.The motivators need to be in place for workers to be prepared to work willingly and to always give their best. Herzberg suggested that motivators could be provided by adopting the principles of job enrichment Job Enrichment – Aims to use the full capabilities of workers by giving them the opportunity to do more challenging and fulfilling work

25. Job Enrichment Three main features: Assign workers complete units of work, instead of parts. ‘If you want people motivated to do a good job, give them a good job to do’ Feedback Range of tasks

26. Consequences 3. A business could offer high pay, improved working conditions and less heavy handed supervision of work. These would remove dissatisfaction, but how quickly might they be taken for granted?

27. Evaluating Herzberg Team working is now much more widespread as a consequence of his findings Workers tend to be made much more responsible for the quality of their own work instead of being closely supervised Most firms are continually looking for ways to improve, effective communication and group meetings allowing two way communication to be favoured