1. 20th Century: World War II Dictatorships: Fascists and Communist

2. Dictators: Totalitarianism Characteristics l “Total State” Not passive obedience l Expected active loyalty and commitment l control of political, economic, social and cultural aspects of life l led by a single leader and party l not interested in individual freedom (civil liberties) l used modern technology and propaganda

3. Representative 20th Century Dictators l The Fascists l Benito Mussolini- Italy l Adolph Hitler- Germany l Fransico Franco- Spain l Juan Peron- Argentina l The Communists l Joseph Stalin - USSR l Mao Zedong- China l Ho Chi Minh- Vietnam l Fidel Castro- Cuba l Tito- Yugoslavia

4. Benito Mussolini 1883-1945 Il Duce l First Fascist Dictator l Italy- in political and economic crisis l had support of middle class seeking stability l 1922- march on Rome- Victor Emmanuel made him PM l Could legislate by decree, police state l Created Young Fascists- Never really in control of all culture/society

5. Adolph Hitler 1889-1945 Der Fuhrer l born in Austria-early life in Vienna l core of beliefs- anti-Semitic l wrote “Mein Kampf” in jail in 20’s l built Nazi party on dissatisfaction l won over elite and establishment l fear of communists- largest party »became chancellor l Reichtag burned-emergency powers

6. The Nazi State 1933-1945 l Total State techniques »propaganda masters »mass demonstrations »rearmament of the military »SS control of police using terror based on Nazi ideology (secret police,camps execution and extermination) »Churches and youth groups under control »GOAL Aryan ???? racial ??? state.

7. Joseph Stalin and the USSR Communist State l Similar to Total state l oppression of the masses l ownership of production and land by the state l forced rapid industrialization cruel l purges- wondered who was in power l elections? one party. 10% member

8. Fascists (cont..) l Spain General Francisco Franco 1892-1975 l resulted from a civil war with communists l aided by Italy and Germany l Latin America l military dictators popular l Juan Peron in Argentina

9. Path to World War II l Looking for “living room” expansion l Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia »Munich Conference- Chamberlain believed Hitler - would not demand more l repudiated the Versailles Treaty- Rhineland l 1938 annexed Austria l Poland invasion 1939- Treaty with GB and France declared war l Blitzkrieg

10. Blitzkrieg- Lightening War l Poland surrendered in 4 weeks l Same speed took Denmark, Norway Belgium, Holland and France (s of Paris) l Troops on continent trapped at Dunkirk l Importance of airwar- bombing of England l allied with Italy- took North Africa

11. Allied Offensive 1943-45 l Began in North Africa l Japan and the United States enter war in 1941 l Sicily 1943 l Italy to So France l Normandy- largest invasion in history l Other battles, Battle of the Bulge, Arnheim, Remagen, Berlin

12. The Holocaust- the plan to eliminate the opposition l Concentration Camps become death Camps (more than 100 of these) l Brought Jews and any in opposition from all over Europe (Denmark the exception) l Labor Camps- Arbeit Mach Frei l killed two out of every 3 Jews- 6 mil l Another 9-10 mil more

13. Pacific War Japan, China, US GB l Japan had invaded and controlled much of China resisted by Mao Zedong and Chaing Kai Sheck l Dec 7, 1941- Bombs on Pearl Harbor l United States in the war l Economy- rationing- war machines built l Beginning of the end of tyranny l United States Undisputed World Leader l Making Plans for Peace

14. Making Plans for Peace l The Big Three: Chruchill, Roosevelt, Stalin l Locations: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam (Truman) VE Day l Atomic Bomb Test / Dropped l Ended War VJ Day l Churchill “An Iron curtain has descended in Europe” Beginning of the Cold War