1. Online Information Access and Retrieval: A proposed Course for African schools of Medicine Grace A Ajuwon Being a presentation at the course/curriculum design meeting sponsored by NLM and held at Kenyatta University, Nairobi July 22, 2009

2. Course Content Computer Fundamentals Internet and World Wide Web Evaluating Internet Information resources Health Information on the Internet –Online database searching –Accessing online books –Accessing online full text journals and other resources (HINARI) –Free health resources on the Internet –Managing Internet Resources Evidenced-Based Medicine

3. Objectives of the Course At the end of this course, students should be able to: Describe the functions of the computer List at least 5 health sources on the Internet List criteria for assessing the quality of Internet information Describe the steps involved in accessing and retrieving information from databases such as MEDLINE Describe steps involved in retrieving full-text articles from digital archives, portals and repositories such as HINARI and PubMed Central List steps involved in downloading e-books from NCBI book shelf and other sources on the Internet

4. Course Design, Length, Materials and Teaching Methods Method of Course design The course will be in modules Each of the content above will make up a module Duration/Length of Course The estimated time for teaching the course would be 2 hours per week. A total of 12 per semester Materials Required Over head projector Multi-media projector Computer with Internet access Markers Handouts Flip charts Teaching Methods Brainstorming Lectures Discussion Hands-on

5. Computer Fundamentals Introduction to computers Brief history of the computer Parts of the computer and their functions Hardware and software Computer accessories and peripherals Uses of the computer Examples of computer software programs

6. Internet/World Wide Web Basic Internet Terminologies –What is the Internet? Network of computer Networks Telecommunications Protocols Uses –Information Networks Libraries Research Centers Internet Protocols and Uses –Email –TCP/IP –FTP –HTML –HTTP –TELNET

7. Uses of the Internet The Internet is used by students, researchers and the general population to satisfy their information needs. An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services such as: –Electronic Mail –File Transfer Protocol –Information Resources- electronic databases, journals, books among others –Discussion Forums/Listservs –Multimedia –News Services

8. Sources of Internet Information The information on the Internet originates from numerous sources: Academic institutions Government agencies Publishers of information Not for profit professional organizations Internet Search Tools Some of the tools for finding information on the Internet/Web are: Browsers Directories Search Engines Meta Search Engines Invisible Web or Deep Web

9. Examples of sources of Internet Information Health Organizations Resources –Governmental agencies U.S. National Institutes of Health http://www.nih.gov/ U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ http://www.cdc.gov/ –Inter-governmental agencies WHO http://www.who.int/en/http://www.who.int/en/ WHO: Western Pacific Region http://www.wpro.who.int/ http://www.wpro.who.int/ –Non-governmental agencies Popline http://db.jhuccp.org/ics-wpd/popweb/http://db.jhuccp.org/ics-wpd/popweb/ SatelLife http://www.satellife.org/http://www.satellife.org/ Family Health International http://www.fhi.org/en/index.htmhttp://www.fhi.org/en/index.htm

10. Directories What are directories? A file used to organize Internet resources into categories. When to use directories When you have a broad topic Want selected, evaluated and annotated collections Prefer quality over quantity Types of directories: General Directory-cover many subjects –http://www.yahoo.comhttp://www.yahoo.com Subject Directory- cover specific subjects –A comprehensive list of subject directories can be found at: http://library.albany.edu./internet/subject.html http://library.albany.edu./internet/subject.html –Health directories can be found in the following sites: http://www.healthweb.org http://www.medweb.emory.edu/MedWeb

11. Health Information on the Internet Health Directories –Yahoo http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Medicine/http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Medicine/ Search Engines or Searchable Gateways –INTUTE http://www.intute.ac.uk/healthandlifesciences/omnilost.html http://www.intute.ac.uk/healthandlifesciences/omnilost.html –Karolinska Institutet’s Diseases, Disorder and Related Topics http://www.mic.ki.se/Diseases/index.html –Essential Health Links http://www.healthnet.org/essential-links http://www.healthnet.org/essential-links

12. Search Engines What are search Engines? A searchable database of Internet files compiled by a computer program which creates an index from the collected files. –Components of a search engine Spider or Crawler Index Search engine mechanism –Search options Search box (search terms typed into the search box like in Google) Dropdown boxes (phrases can be typed like in Hotbot) Natural language (queries can be entered as natural language in form of questions as in Ask Jeeves)

13. Invisible Web or Deep Web What is the Invisible or Deep Web? It is the vast amount of searchable databases that are not accessible to search engines and other search tools for technical reasons. The information found in the Invisible Web is made up of specialized databases, indexes, journals contents and other proprietary databases. An example of Invisible Web database is AskERIC http://www.askeric.org http://www.askeric.org Being able to determine the right tool for a specific type of search makes it easier to perform the search and retrieve relevant information.

14. Database Concepts What is a database? “ An organized collection of files –Fields –Records –Databases Types of Databases –Bibliographic databases (e.g., MEDLINE, African Index Medicus) –Full-text Databases (e.g., TDR databases) – Numeric Databases (e.g., statistical information) –Image Databases (e.g., Google image database)

15. Health Information Resources Health Databases – PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/ –Source Bibliographic Database: International Health and Disability http://www.asksource.info/index.html –Global Index Medicus http://www.who.int/ghl/medicus/en/

16. e-journals sources http://www.pubmedcentral.com/ http://www.biomedcentral.com http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/ http://bmj.com/ http://www.doaj.org/ http://dmoz.org/Health/Medicine/Journals/ http://www.inasp.org.uk/ajol/index.html further resources: http://www.healthnet.org/essential-links/fulltext-e-journals.html

17. E-book sources http://www.FreeBooks4Doctors.com/fb/special.ht mhttp://www.FreeBooks4Doctors.com/fb/special.ht m http://www.hesperian.org/publications_download.phphttp://www.hesperian.org/publications_download.php http://www.medicalstudent.com/#MedicalTextbo okshttp://www.medicalstudent.com/#MedicalTextbo oks Further resources http://www.healthnet.org/essential-links/fulltext-e- books.htmlhttp://www.healthnet.org/essential-links/fulltext-e- books.html

18. Database Searching Concepts Basic Search Concepts Access Points –Known item –Unknown item Boolean Operators Other Operators Keyword Searching –Truncation –Limiting or Positional –Searching shortcuts –Truncation –Wild Cat Characters Boolean Operators Three basic operators: AND OR NOT

19. Evaluating Internet Resources The World Wide Web (WWW) can be an excellent information resource for health-related questions Increased use of the Web as well as the ease of publishing Web pages has created concerns about the quality of health related information found on the Internet Identification of reliable, scientifically sound and safe information can be a problem. The challenge shifts from one of quantity to one of quality Evaluation of health-related Web sites can help reduce the use of misleading, inaccurate and false health information

20. Criteria for Evaluating the Quality of Internet Resources  Is the information: Accurate Factual Comprehensive Referenced Disguised advertising Source/Authorship –Does the author/producer of the site or document have: Qualifications Credentials Accountability Conflicts of interest Sponsorship Purpose –Is the purpose of the Information to: Explain Inform Persuade Currency –When was the site last updated –Are the materials/information on the site current –Are the links relevant and appropriate Design –Does the site have good: Organization Style Graphics Links Navigation Clarity

21. Managing Internet Resources Bookmarks –What is a Bookmark? Netscape Mozilla Firefox Favorites –Internet Explorer Offline Activities Further Internet or Search Skills Resources http://www.healthnet.org/essential-links/internet-skills-for-health- information-users.html

22. Searching Full text articles - HINARI  Finding the HINARI website  Registering to access full-text electronic resources  Logging in to the HINARI website  Finding journals  Finding articles  Partner publishers’ websites (continued in module 3)  Other full-text resources  Other free collections

23. Searching PubMed Introduction to PubMed/MEDLINE Difference between MEDLINE and PubMed PubMed features and resources Simple searching Advance searching Using Limits MeSH Accessing full text articles from HINARI via PubMed

24. Searching other NLM databases NLM Gateway MedlinePlus ClinicalTrials.gov Toxline, Toxnet ChemDPlus AIDSline

25. Thanks for listening