1. Laser Light Scattering - Basic ideas – what is it? - The experiment – how do you do it? - Some examples systems – why do it?

2. Double Slit Experiment screen Coherent beam Extra path length ++ = =

3. Light Scattering Experiment Laser at f o Scattered light Scatterers in solution (Brownian motion) f fofo Narrow line incident laser Doppler broadened scattered light ff 0 is way off scale  f ~ 1 part in 10 10 - 10 15

4. More Detailed Picture detector  Inter-particle interference time Detected intensity I average How can we analyze the fluctuations in intensity? Data = g(  ) = t = intensity autocorrelation function

5. Intensity autocorrelation g(  ) = t For small   For larger   g(  )  cc

6. What determines correlation time? Scatterers are diffusing – undergoing Brownian motion – with a mean square displacement given by = 6D  c (Einstein) The correlation time  c is a measure of the time needed to diffuse a characteristic distance in solution – this distance is defined by the wavelength of light, the scattering angle and the optical properties of the solvent – ranges from 40 to 400 nm in typical systems Values of  c can range from 0.1  s (small proteins) to days (glasses, gels)

7. Diffusion What can we learn from the correlation time? Knowing the characteristic distance and correlation time, we can find the diffusion coefficient D According to the Stokes-Einstein equation where R is the radius of the equivalent sphere and  is the viscosity of the solvent So, if  is known we can find R (or if R is known we can find 

8. Why Laser Light Scattering? 1.Probes all motion 2.Non-perturbing 3.Fast 4.Study complex systems 5.Little sample needed Problems: Dust and best with monodisperse samples

9. Some Examples

10. Superhelical DNA where = Watson-Crick-Franklin double stranded DNA pBR322 = small (3 million molecular weight) plasmid DNA Laser light scattering measurements of D vs  give a length L = 440 nm and a diameter d = 10 nm DNA-drug interactions: intercalating agent PtTS produces a 26 o unwinding of DNA/molecule of drug bound Since D ~ 1/size, as more PtTS is added and DNA is “relaxed,” we expect a minimum in D

11. As drug is added DNA first unwinds to open circle and then overwinds with opposite handedness. At minimum in D the DNA is unwound. This told us that there are 34 superhelical turns in native pBR pBR is a major player in cloning – very important to characterize well

12. Antibody molecules Technique to make 2-dimensional crystals of proteins on an EM grid (with E. Uzgiris at GE R&D) Change pH 60 o 120 o Conformational change with pH results in a 5% change in D – seen by LLS and modeled as a swinging hinge

13. Aggregating/Gelling Systems Studied at Union College Proteins: –Actin – monomers to polymers and networks Study monomer size/shape, polymerization kinetics, gel/network structures formed, interactions with other actin-binding proteins Epithelial cell under fluorescent microscope Actin = red, microtubules = green, nucleus = blue Why?

14. Aggregating systems, con’t –BSA (bovine serum albumin)  amyloid -insulin –Chaperones Polysaccharides: –Agarose –Carageenan Focus on the onset of gelation – what are the mechanisms causing gelation? how can we control them? what leads to the irreversibility of gelation? what factors cause or promote aggregation? what is the structure of the aggregates? how can proteins be protected from aggregating?

15. Collaborators and $$ Nate Poulin ’14 & Christine Wong ‘13 Michael Varughese ’11 (med school) Anna Gaudette ‘09 Bilal Mahmood ’08 & Shivani Pathak ’10 (both in med school) Amy Serfis ‘06 & Emily Ulanski ’06 (UNC, Rutgers ) Shaun Kennedy (U Michigan, Ann Arbor in biophysics) Bryan Lincoln (PhD from U Texas Austin, post-doc in Dublin) Jeremy Goverman (medical school) Shirlie Dowd (opthamology school) Ryo Fujimori (U Washington grad school) Tomas Simovic (Prague) Ken Schick, Union College J. Estes, L. Selden, Albany Med Gigi San Biagio, Donatella Bulone, Italy Thanks to NSF, Union College for $$