1. LCLS Dan Imre, Brookhaven National Laboratory Philip Anfinrud, National Institutes of Health John Arthur, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Jerry Hastings, Brookhaven National Laboratory Chi-Chang Kao, Brookhaven National Laboratory Richard Neutze, Uppsala University, Sweden Mark Renner, Brookhaven National Laboratory Wilson-Squire Group, University of California at San Diego Ahmed Zewail, California Institute of Technology Femtochemistry

2. LCLS A Chemist’s View of Nature Description of static molecular properties in terms of bond lengths and angles has served us well. Virtually every new discovery in biology and chemistry can be traced to a structure being solved.

3. LCLS Chemistry is about Motion Chemical transformations are about dynamics, i.e. rapid changes in bond lengths and bond angles. What is needed is a tool that will make possible a simple connection between the static picture and its time evolution.

4. LCLS Chemistry is about Motion The ultimate goal of any molecular dynamics study is to produce a motion picture of the nuclear motions as a function of time.

5. LCLS Spectroscopy of the Transition State Femtosecond lasers are fast enough BUT Their greater than 200-nm wavelength does not allow for any spatial information Capturing molecules in the process of reacting has been a long-time dream

6. LCLS Spectroscopy of the Transition State Spectroscopy of the transition state is an attempt to compensate for the inability of lasers to provide the spatially needed resolution Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED) is the only experimental system that attempts to break that limit

7. LCLS Temporal and Spatial Scales Putting things in perspective What are the time-scales? What are the length-scales?

8. LCLS Temporal and Spatial Scales Time in femtoseconds, distance in Å H 2 O  OH + H CH 2 I 2  CH 2 I + I

9. LCLS Temporal and Spatial Resolution TIME The very light systems require a time resolution of a few femtoseconds, while heavier ones can be studied with pulses a few hundred femtosecond long. BOND LENGTH The LCLS will make it possible to map out the nuclear motions with a resolution of 0.1 Å, which is clearly sufficient.

10. LCLS UED Experimental Set-up Ultrafast Electron Diffraction H. Zewail

11. LCLS UED CH 2 I-CH 2 I Photodissociation UED will never break the psec time limit because of the fundamental relationship between the number of electrons in the bunch and pulse length. The LCLS is the only tool with the required temporal and spatial resolution

12. LCLS Comparison between UED and LCLS Comparison between Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED) and the LCLS 1 time resolution; 2 relative crossection; 3 relative signals The predicted signals are comparable but the LCLS time resolution is at least 50 times better.

13. LCLS Proposed Experiments Exp 1. Gas phase photochemistry Exp 2. Condensed phase photochemistry Exp 3. Dynamics in nanoparticles

14. LCLS Pump-Probe Experiments The femtochemistry experiments use an ultrafast laser to initiate the process and the LCLS beam as a probe

15. LCLS Experimental Approaches Time resolved diffraction Time resolved Mie scattering (small angle scattering)

16. LCLS Photodissociation of an isolated diatomic molecule is the simplest of chemical reactions. t=0 is easily defined The initial wave-function is well defined The wave-function remains localized throughout the reaction The LCLS is ideally suited to investigate these reactions Experiment 1. Gas phase photodissociation reactions

17. LCLS The coupling between nuclear and electronic motion is a universal phenomenon that dominates almost all photochemistry. It is essential that we develop an intuitive picture of this behavior LCLS will make it possible to directly observe this complex motion. Nuclear and Electronic Coupling is Universal Phenomenon

18. LCLS The solvent cage changes the dynamics and provides a means to study recombination reactions. Experiment 2. Condensed phase photochemistry

19. LCLS I 2 in dichloromethane (Neutze et al.) Third Generation Sources Have a Limited Time Resolution Diffuse X-ray scattering with 80 psec time resolution from European Synchrotron Radiation Facility

20. LCLS An Example from E S R F I 2 in dichloromethane (Neutze et al.)

21. LCLS Experiment 3. Dynamics in nanoparticles Nanoparticles Semiconductors and metal nanocrystals also known as quantum dots possess unique size-dependent electronic and optical properties that result from quantum size confinement of charge carriers and very large surface to volume ratios. These properties hold great promise for applications in areas such as microelectronics, electro-optics, photocatalysis, and photoelectrochemistry. They are also particularly attractive, because of their large surface area and fast charge transport properties, for photovoltaics and photo-degradation of chemical wastes and pollutants.

22. LCLS Experiment 3. Dynamics in nanoparticles The size distribution problem Under most experimental conditions size dependent properties tend to be masked by the presence of a wide size distribution. The high intensity of the LCLS will make it possible to conduct experiments on single particles. The solvent effect Under most experimental conditions the high surface to volume ratio results in extreme sensitivity to solvent. To provide for a controlled, reproducible, well defined, inert environment, with low scattering background particles will be isolated in Ne crystals for study.

23. LCLS Melting a single nanoparticle Experiment 3. Melting single nanoparticles

24. LCLS Experiment 3. Vibrations in nanoparticles The time evolution of the Mie scattering spectrum at 1.5 Å will make it possible to map out internal particle vibrational modes as well as surface capillary modes of a single nanoparticle.

25. LCLS Simulation of Mie Scattering at 1.5 Å Simulated scattering intensity at a single angle as a function of particle size. A similarly rich spectrum is obtained for a fixed particle size as a function of scattering angle. Mie spectra are extremely sensitive to changes in particle size and shape.

26. LCLS Femtochemistry at the LCLS : Conclusion The LCLS is the only tool that will, in the foreseeable future, make it possible to observe nuclear motion during a reaction in real time. The LCLS can be applied to a wide range of problems in the field of chemistry, some of which were touched upon here, from the most fundamental photodissociation reaction, to the more applied problem of characterizing the properties of nanoparticles.