1. by Baharuddin FKIP UNRAM
Translation
by Baharuddin FKIP UNRAM

2. Description
A subject introducing the basic theory of translation of different texts and genres, the terms used, and a brief analysis of text as a doorway to a more complex translation practice.

3. Objectives
To provide students theories of translation from one to another century.
To equip students with text analysis in order to gain better comprehension on the text translated.
To familiarize students with the translation designs and practices.
To train students to translate different text within different context.

4. Through the Class Lecturing on theories Practice Evaluation
Communication?
few weeks before translation practice.
from week four (just the next week after the final part of the theories).
practice will commence with translation from English to Indonesia.
after mid semester
final test free for those who get an average of 85 of individual paper assignment.
Longer days mean loads of time for reading. Find everything in books, from the thought provoking to the purely escapist.

5. What is Translation? Translation
is decoding meaning and intent at the text level and then re-encoding them in a target language - is product, process, concept-general subject.
consists of changing from one to anther state or form of texts across languages (Larson, 1998) - consists of transferring ideas expressed in writing form from one language to another.
is interpretation of verbal signs by means of -- other signs of the same language, some other language, signs of non-verbal sign systems (Jakobson, 1959/2000), intralingual, interlingual, intersemiotic.
Eco argues that translation is not about comparing two languages, but about the interpretation of a text in two different languages, thus involving a shift between cultures.

6. The Beginning of Translation
The translation of religious works has played an important role in world history. For instance the Buddhist monks who translated the Indian sutras into the Chinese language would often skew the translation to better adapt to China's very different culture.
BC – Cicero and Horace
4c AD – St. Jerome
Middle Ages – Translation of Greek Philosophy into Islam
18c AD – beginning of the studies
20c AD – development of the theory
21c AD – machine translation

7. The Nature of Translation
SL Emphasis
Word-for-word translation
Literal translation
Faithful translation
Semantic translation 
TL Emphasis
Adaptation
Free translation
Idiomatic translation
Communicative translation
Word-for-word: like pre-translation, closely alike to glossing
Adaptation: the freest translation, translator ideas maybe inserted.
Literal: converting grammatical sentence of SL as close as possible to TL (w-f-w + grammar)
Free: reproducing the matter without the manner, content without form
Faithful: attempting to reproduce the precise contextual meaning. Each word should be translated. (Literal+context)
Idiomatic: Reproduce the message but tend to distort the nuance of meaning
Semantic: like faithful but include aesthetic value (fathful+aesthetic)
Communicative: transferring including the real context to the readership

8. Translation Procedure
Direct:
literal translation is a word-for-word transfer of the ST into TT by considering the appropriateness of the TT grammar and the ST idiom,
borrowing is usually applied when the concept in ST is very much unknown and strange for TT readers,
calque is a special borrowing that can ease translators for the literally direct translation of every word.
Oblique:
Transposition procedure is expressing word with another class without changing the meaning of the message. In this procedure translator will have a wide-range of styles and options to express one concept.
Modulation procedure is how to express a concept in other form of message. Passive voice can be expressed in active as the nature of the TL. Whatever the emphasis of the ST sentence can be expressed in different form as long as the main message of the text is transferred into TT.
Equivalence is used to describe the same situation in different stylistic or structural means. This procedure is much helpful and functional in translating idioms and proverbs.
Adaptation involves changing the cultural reference when the situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture. The closest concept to the target culture is employed to describe the term in source culture Munday (2001). The wand used by the witches of English may be translated into keris sakti or cincin keramat in Indonesian.
(Viney & Darbelnet, 2000)

9. Translation Shifting Level Category Aspect shift Case shift
Structure shift – different grammar
Class shift – part of speech
Unit/rank shift – rank in text
Intra-system shift – different system of languages involved.

10. Instrumental/ Functional Dynamic Equivalence
The F &D
Formal Equivalence
Foreignisation
Instrumental/ Functional
Dynamic Equivalence
Domestication
Documentary
Principle of Equivalent Effect
The (In)Visibility of Translation
Purpose of the Translation

11. Steps in Translation Establishing the project
Exegesis: reading the text
Glossing: giving a short (usually one-word) equivalent for each term
Initial Drafting: a quick rough translation the text
Evaluating: accuracy, clearness, naturalness
Revised Drafting: checking for consistency
Consultation: meeting the clients
Final Drafting: finishing for acceptability

12. Lexical equivalents
Shared Concept
Unknown Concept
Key Term

13. Text

14. Bibliography