1. Introduction, History and Computer Basics
Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology

2. Computer Science: A foundation
Programming
Game Development
Software Engineering
Networking
Security
System Administration
Information Technology
Web design and development
Animation
Modeling
History
Perspective
Social issues
Economic issues
Ethic issues
Consumer issues
Software Development
Networking and IT
Digital Media
General Education
A computer science foundation

3. Role of Algorithms
Hardware
Software
Programming
Program
Algorithm
Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed
Program: A representation of an algorithm
Programming: The process of developing a program
Software: Programs and algorithms
Hardware: Equipment used to input information (data) and output the results of the programs, algorithms.

4. Origins of Computing Machines: Early computing devices
Abacus
300 BC by Babylonians
around 1200 A.D. in China and Japan
Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers

5. Early computing devices
Pascal’s mechanical calculator
Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s)
Positions of gears represent numbers
Inventors: Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage

6. Early Data Storage Punched cards
First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth
Storage of programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine
Popular through the 1970’s

7. Early programming
Augusta Ada King (Byron), Countess of Lovelace ( )
She is known as the "first programmer".
The computer language Ada, created by the U.S. Defense Department, was named after Ada Lovelace.

8. Babbage’s Difference Engine (1822)
Part of the Difference Engine (below)
Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. (1822)
The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Although he received ample funding for the project, it was never completed. (Wikipedia)

9. Early Computers Vacuum tube Transistor Microchip
Here is a brief overview of some of the early computers and trends in computing.

10. First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
1930’s – Vacuum tubes were used as electronic circuits or electronic switches.

11. ENIAC
First large-scale electronic digital computer was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
30 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high
3 additions every second, (incredibly slow by today’s standards).

12. Second Generation – Transistors
Walter Brittain and Willaim Shockley invented the transistor at Bell Laboratories
Replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic switch

13. Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
1959, Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce (who later became the cofounder of Intel Corp.) developed the first integrated circuit (silicon chip or microchip).
An integrated circuit (IC) is a system of interrelated circuits packaged together on a single sliver of silicon.
It is a way of placing multiple (millions) transistor devices into as single, smaller device, the “microchip.”

14. Fourth Generation - Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip.
1971, Intel Corp. introduced the first microprocessor chip.
Intel 4004
108 kHz and contained (equivalent of) 2300 transistors

15. IBM Personal Computer
On August 12, 1981, IBM released their new computer, named the IBM PC
2004 – IBM sells PC business to Lenovo

16. Apple Computers
1975 – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak starts Apple Computer
1984 – Apple Macintosh with Graphical User Interface (GUI)

17. Laptops 1981 - Adam Osborne, produced the Osborne 1
Compaq laptop with color screen
2008 – Macbook Air – thinnest laptop
2011 – Dell XPS 15Z – thinnest Windows laptop

18. Trends from 1990 to today…
Microsoft continues to update Windows with latest version Windows called “Windows 8”
LINUX operating system, an open source version of UNIX, is taking on MS Windows and gaining in popularity
IBM has stopped making small computers; sold their business to Lenovo
HP, the largest maker of PC is planning to sell their PC division
Apple continues to be a major player in personal computers, especially for the “creative market”, iPods, iPads, iPhones, etc.
Google has become a major player in the Internet solutions

19. Trends from 1990 to today… Faster Smaller More reliable Less expensive
Easier to use

20. Fifth Generation
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are continuing to be in development.
Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibility that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more powerful than those under central processing.
The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

21. Computer Basics 21

22. What is a computer?
A computer is a digital device which can be programmed to change (process) information from one form to another.
Do exactly as they are told.
Digital devices: Understand only two different states (OFF and ON - 0 and 1) 22 22

23. Traditional Types of Computers
General purpose computers
Super computer
Mainframe
Personal Computer 23 23

24. Traditional types of computers:
Super computers
fast processing power
used by NASA and similar organizations
Example: CRAY supercomputers

25. Traditional Types of Computers:
Mainframe Computers
First computers, introduced in 1950s
Used by large businesses
Typically supported thousands of users
Very expensive
Used for very large processing tasks
IBM’s new Mainframe 25 25

26. Traditional Types of Computers: Personal Computers
Small, self-contained computers with their own CPUs
Uses a microprocessor, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) on a single chip. 26 26

27. Personal Computers Desktop computers Laptop computers Tablets
Wearables 27 27

28. Hardware versus Software
Hardware = The physical components that make up a computer system. 28 28

29. Hardware versus Software
Software = The programs (instructions) that tell the computer what to do.
System Software
Application Software
Stored on a storage media such as hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape, etc. 29 29

30. Hardware Components
PROCESS
Know these! 30 30

31. Input and Output Devices31 31

32. The Processor
Let’s open the box! 32 32

33. The Processor
circuit board = a board with integrated circuits (microchips)
system board or motherboard
interface boards or expansion boards
system board or motherboard = a single circuit board with the components which make up the computer’s processor for a microcomputer, including the:
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Memory
RAM
ROM or ROM BIOS
expansion slots 33 33

34. 34 34

35. The Processor: The CPU
CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which:
1. executes the instructions in a software program
2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially RAM and input devices
The CPU is the computer!
Rick Graziani 35 35

36. RAM RAM is TEMPORARY memory RAM is volatile
stores ON and OFF bits (software and data) electrically
when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost 36 36

37. ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other critical information
Read Only = information which:
Cannot be changed
Cannot be removed
Fixed by manufacturer 37 37

38. ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System software)
ROM contains:
start-up (boot) instructions
instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output devices, such as the communications with the keyboard and the monitor 38 38

39. Computer Performance:
CPU speed (and type)
Amount of RAM (and speed)
Hard disk capacity 39 39

40. Software
System Software
Application Software 40 40

41. Application Software Performs specific tasks: Word processing
Calculations
Information storage and retrieval
Accounting
Games
Cannot function without the OS (Operating System)
Written for a specific operating system and computer hardware. 41 41

42. Operating System Software
Loads automatically when you switch on a computer
Main roles:
Controls hardware and software
Permits you to manage files
Acts as intermediary between user and applications 42 42

43. GUI – Graphical User Interface
Windows 3.1
Windows 95/98/XP 43 43

44. CLI – Command Line Interface
No GUI
MS DOS / Command Prompt
Linux / Unix 44 44