1. Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – 422222, India

2. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. SEP-S08071-CP1-02 Introduction Programmes and Courses SEP –S08071-CP1-UN1

3. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Credits  Academic Inputs by Sonali Alkari Faculty YCMOU Nagpur Centre, Faculty LAD college P.G. D of Biotechnology Research officer Ankur Seeds Pvt Ltd sonalisa_alkari@yahoo.co.in Sonalisaal@rediffmail.com

4. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

5. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe software. Discuss computer software. Describe different types of computer software.

6. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Software-1  Computer software, or just software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system.  The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.  Software includes websites, programs, video games etc. that are coded by programming languages like C, C++, etc.

7. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Software-2  "Software" is sometimes used in a broader context to mean anything which is not hardware but which is used with hardware, such as film, tapes and records  Computer software is usually regarded as anything but hardware, meaning that the "hard" are the parts that are tangible (able to hold) while the "soft" part is the intangible objects inside the computer.  Software encompasses an extremely wide array of products and technologies developed using different techniques like programming languages, scripting languages etc.  The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958.

8. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Computer Software-1  The types of software include web pages developed by technologies like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop applications like Microsoft Word, OpenOffice developed by technologies like C, C++, Java, C#, etc.  In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs.  The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungs problem. 8

9. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Computer Software-2  Software usually runs on an underlying operating system (which is a software also) like Microsoft Windows, Linux (running GNOME and KDE), Sun Solaris etc.  Software also includes video games like the Super Mario, Call of Duty for personal computers or video game consoles.  Also a software usually runs on a software platform like Java and.NET so that for instance, Microsoft Windows software will not be able to run on Mac OS because how the software is written is different between the systems (platforms).  These applications can work using software porting, interpreters or re-writing the source code for that platform.

10. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Computer Hardware and Software-1  Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software.  At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor.  A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions which change the state of the computer from its preceding state.  Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence.

11. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Computer Hardware and Software-2  It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language.  High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code.  Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet.  Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

12. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Types of Software  Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes:  System software,  programming software and  application software,  Although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.

13. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. System Software System software:  System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system.  It includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing systems, utilities and more.  The purpose of systems software is to insulate the applications programmer as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being used, especially memory and other hardware features, and such as accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc. 13

14. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Programming Software Programming software  Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way.  The tools include text editors, compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers, and so on.  An Integrated development environment (IDE) merges those tools into a software bundle, and a programmer may not need to type multiple commands for compiling, interpreting, debugging, tracing, and etc., because the IDE usually has an advanced graphical user interface, or GUI.

15. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Application Software Application software:  Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non- computer related) tasks.  Typical applications include industrial automation, business software, educational software, medical software, databases, and computer games.  Businesses are probably the biggest users of application software, but almost every field of human activity now uses some form of application software. 15

16. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Three Layers  Users often see things differently than programmers.  People who use modern general purpose computers (as opposed to embedded systems, analog computers, supercomputers, etc.)  Usually three layers of software performs a variety of tasks:  platform,  Application, and  user software. 16

17. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Platform Software Platform software:  Platform includes the firmware, device drivers, an operating system.  And typically a graphical user interface which, in total, allow a user to interact with the computer and its peripherals (associated equipment).  Platform software often comes bundled with the computer.  On a PC you will usually have the ability to change the platform software. 17

18. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Application Software  Application software or Applications are what most people think of when they think of software. Typical examples include office suites and video games.  Application software is often purchased separately from computer hardware. Sometimes applications are bundled with the computer, but that does not change the fact that they run as independent applications.  Applications are almost always independent programs from the operating system, though they are often tailored for specific platforms. Most users think of compilers, databases, and other "system software" as applications. 18

19. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. User-written Software  End-user development tailors systems to meet users' specific needs.  User software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, and scripts for graphics and animations.  Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is.  Depending on how competently the user-written software has been integrated into purchased application packages, many users may not be aware of the distinction between the purchased packages, and what has been added by fellow co-workers. 19

20. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. What You Learn…  Software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system.  Computer software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence.  Computer software system consists of three major classes as System software, programming software and application software.  System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system.

21. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. What You Learn…  Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs.  Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non- computer related) tasks.

22. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Critical Thinking Questions oDescribe computer software in details. oDiscuss computer hardware and software in details. oWrite a short note on platform software 22

23. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Hints For Critical Thinking Question 1.Describe computer software and different types of software like system application, programming software 1.Describe the difference between computer hardware and computer software and their applications. 1.Operating system and its application 23

24. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Study Tips:1  Book1 Title: Security Warrior Author: Cyrus Peikari, Anton Chuvakin Publisher: O'Reilly Media, Inc.  Book2 Title: Fundamentals of computers Author: V. Rajaraman Publisher: Prentice~Hall of India

25. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Study Tips:2  Book3 Title: Biochemistry Author: Lubert stryer Publishers: Freeman International  Book4 Title: Biochemistry Author: Keshav Trehan Publishers: Wiley Eastern

26. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. Study Tips www.en.wikipedia.org Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

27. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. End of the Presentation Thank You