Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Learning Processes Behaviorism Classical conditioning Operant conditioning.

Published byVanessa Shepherd Modified over 9 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Learning Processes Behaviorism Classical conditioning Operant conditioning."— Presentation transcript:

1 Learning Processes Behaviorism Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

2 2 Adaptation to the Environment Learning - “any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time” (Gray) Hilgard and Bower (1975) add: “provided that the behavior change cannot be explained on the basis of native response tendencies, maturation or temporary states of the subject (e.g. fatigue, drugs, etc)

3 3 Behaviorism The attempt to understand observable activity in terms of observable stimuli and observable responses John B. Watson (1913) B.F. Skinner (1938)

4 What’s this about LEARNING? Classical Conditioning

5 5 Pavlov’s Dogs Digestive reflexes and salivation Psychic secretion

6 Classical Conditioning UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED RESPONSE NEUTRAL STIMULUS will elicit NO REACTION

7 Neutral Stimulus--Bell Does not normally elicit a response or reflex action by itself –A bell ringing –A color –A furry object

8 Unconditioned Stimulus--Food Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned response –Food –Blast of air –Noise

9 9 Unconditioned Response--Salivation A response to an unconditioned stimulus--naturally occurring –Salivation at smell of food –Eye blinks at blast of air –Startle reaction in babies

10 10 Conditioned Stimulus--Bell The stimulus that was originally neutral becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus Will eventually elicit the unconditioned response by itself

11 11 Conditioned Response The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been elicited by the neutral stimulus

12 12 Classical Conditioning vs. Association by Contiguity Stimulus A (The word ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) Learning Experience After Learning Neutral stimulus (Bell) Unconditioned response (Salivation) Conditioned response (Salivation) Conditioning Procedure After Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (Food) Conditioned stimulus (Bell) Stimulus A (The word ball) Stimulus B (Sight of a ball)

13 13 Classical Conditioning Phenomena Extinction Spontaneous recovery Generalization Discrimination training

14 14 John B. Watson and Little Albert Conditioned emotional responses Generalization Extinction

15 15 Conditioned Drug Reactions Opposite the drug effect How does this explain deaths by OD in unfamiliar places?

16 16 Early Operant Conditioning E.L. Thorndike (1898) Puzzle boxes and cats Scratch at bars Push at ceiling Dig at floor Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Howl Etc. Press lever First Trial in Box Scratch at bars Push at ceiling Dig at floor Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Howl Etc. Press lever After Many Trials in Box

17 17 B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Did not like the term “satisfying” Invented a better appartus--the Skinner box

18 Operant Conditioning Terms Shaping Consequences –positive and negative reinforcement –positive and negative punishment

19 Reinforcement Schedules Continuous: 1 to 1 ratio, a prize every time Ratio –fixed: 1 to ?, a prize every ? time –variable: ? to ?, maybe a prize, maybe not! Interval –fixed: announced examination –variable: pop quiz

20 Classical vs. Operant Conditioning CLASSICAL Stimulus precedes the response and elicits it Elicited responses Learning as a result of association Pavlov OPERANT Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it Emitted responses Learning as a result of consequences Skinner

21 The Basic Concepts of Learning Theory Classical conditioning –elicits response as a result of associating unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus Operant conditioning –emitted response –learning is a result of consequences reinforcers punishment

22 22 Observational Learning Specific skills and general behavioral styles Bandura’s cognitive theory

23 The Ecological Perspective Alternative to general-process perspective Learning what to eat

24 24 Alternative Perspective Role of environment Components of learning

25 25 Learning What to Eat Food-aversion learning Food-preference learning Food-selection experiment with human infants Social learning and food selection Summary of rules

26 26 Food-Aversion Learning Classical conditioning or not?

27 27 Food-Preference Learning Experiments with rats and thiamin

28 28 Food Selection Experiment Infants’ ability to choose a nutritionally balanced meal

29 29 Summary of Rules When possible, eat what your elders eat. When you eat a new food, remember its taste and smell

Download ppt "Learning Processes Behaviorism Classical conditioning Operant conditioning."

Similar presentations

Classical Conditioning UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a CONDITIONED.

Classical Conditioning UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a CONDITIONED.
Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response. How.

Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response. How.
Learning Unit 5. Topics in Learning Unit Defining Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Learning.

Learning Unit 5. Topics in Learning Unit Defining Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Learning.
Chapter 6 Learning This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance.

Chapter 6 Learning This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance.
Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s experiment - psychic secretions. Pavlov was a Russian physiologists who studied digestion. He won the Nobel prize in physiology.

Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s experiment - psychic secretions. Pavlov was a Russian physiologists who studied digestion. He won the Nobel prize in physiology.
Learning Learning is defined as a persistent, enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

Learning Learning is defined as a persistent, enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Module 9 Classical Conditioning.

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Module 9 Classical Conditioning.
Learning. Adaptation to the Environment Learning—a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to past experience.

Learning. Adaptation to the Environment Learning—a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to past experience.
Learning Adaptation to the Environment  Learning—a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to past experience.

Learning Adaptation to the Environment  Learning—a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to past experience.
Lecture Overview Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive-Social Learning The Biology of Learning Using Conditioning & Learning Principles.

Lecture Overview Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive-Social Learning The Biology of Learning Using Conditioning & Learning Principles.
Learning How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response Operant Conditioning.

Learning How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response Operant Conditioning.
Learning. Learning Processes Classical conditioning Behaviorism Operant conditioning.

Learning. Learning Processes Classical conditioning Behaviorism Operant conditioning.
Chapter 8 Learning.  Learning  relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Chapter 8 Learning.  Learning  relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
Learning. Adaptation to the Environment Learning—any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time.

Learning. Adaptation to the Environment Learning—any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time.
Www.soran.edu.iq general psychology Firouz meroei milan Conditioning and Learning Classical Conditioning 1.

general psychology Firouz meroei milan Conditioning and Learning Classical Conditioning 1.
Famous Psychology Experiments

Famous Psychology Experiments
1 Famous Psychology Experiments. 2 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Experiments on dogs Smarty Pants: Nobel Prize - 1904 Dog.

1 Famous Psychology Experiments. 2 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Experiments on dogs Smarty Pants: Nobel Prize Dog.
1 Famous Psychology Experiments. 2 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Experiments on dogs Smarty Pants: Nobel Prize - 1904 Dog.

1 Famous Psychology Experiments. 2 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Experiments on dogs Smarty Pants: Nobel Prize Dog.
Learning Orange Group. Classical conditioning- a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. ex: Dog salivate to food Bell rings-No.

Learning Orange Group. Classical conditioning- a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. ex: Dog salivate to food Bell rings-No.
Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google