1. Secondary Reinforcers & Punishers Lesson 12

2. Reinforcers & Punishers n Primary reinforcers & punishers l biologically important stimuli l food, water, sexual pleasure, pain & illness n Secondary reinforcers & punishers l money l praise n How do they become an S R ? l Are associated with primary S R ~

3. Secondary S R s n How do we know if something is an S R ? l Strengthen or weaken behavior that precedes it? n How does it become a secondary S R ? l Classical conditioning l S D or S Δ that reliable predicts S R ~

4. Secondary S R s are Predictive n 3 functions l As CS or S D /S Δ 1. CS elicits reflexive responses l With emotional component (CER) 2. CS as a consequence l *CS  CER l Modifies operant behavior 3. S D /S Δ sets occasion l For S R ~

5. Respondent & Operant Learning n CS  CR l Consistently predicts US n S D consistently predicts S R l Becomes secondary S R n Higher order conditioning l CS & S D can act like US & S R ~

6. appetitive aversive S D Positive RFT Negative Punishment Positive Punishment Negative RFT Operant Learning Contingency positivenegative S Δ

7. CERs Appetitive Positive Affect Negative Affect Aversive Contingency positivenegative US CS+CS- Positive Affect Negative Affect

8. CER / S R Appetitive Positive Affect Negative Affect Aversive Contingency positivenegative US or S R CS+ or S D CS- or S Δ Positive Affect Negative Affect

9. Respondent Learning n Strong CS-US association  Strong CR ~ Mom picks up Food CS 1 URUS :  CS-US pairings  Hunger + Positive Affect Positive Affect Mom picks up  After learning CS 1 CR

10. Higher Order: Respondent See Mom Picks up CS 2 CRCS 1 :  CS 2 -CS 1 pairings Positive Affect See Mom  After learning CS 2 CR n Strong CS 1  Strong CR l Can act like a US l CS 2 becomes associated  CR ~

11. Generalized Secondary S R s n Reinforce or punish wide variety of behaviors n Money l Token l Cultural differences ~

12. Generalized Secondary S R s n Social attention l Affiliation l isolation n Facial expressions l Smiles l Frowns ~

13. Review: Secondary S R s n US & S R l Biologically important events n CS+ & CS- similar to S D & S Δ l Signals for important events n US elicits reflexive response l & unconditional emotional response n CS+ & CS-  CERs l Learned reflexes, automatic ~

14. Review: Secondary S R s n Higher order learning l New cues associated with CS l Also come to elicit CERs n Predictive cues l S D & S Δ for S R l Also CSs elicit CERs n CERs become secondary S R l Tokens: e.g. money l Social attention ~