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Operant and Classical Conditioning
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Cognition: how we acquire, store, and use knowledge Learning: A change in knowledge or behaviour as a result of experience We learn a lot within first few years of life Humans rely on learning over instinct We can change our thinking and behaviour to meet new situations
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Both study the effects of positive reinforcement (rewards) and punishment on behaviour Both explain a different type of behaviour Classical Conditioning explains how we learn attitudes, feelings, and basic responses Operant Conditioning explains more complex behaviour
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Key Psychologist: Ivan Pavlov Belief – pleasant or unpleasant reinforcement comes before the desired behaviour Example: Pavlov’s Dog Meat (reward) – salivates (behaviour) Candy (reward) – be appropriate (behaviour)
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Learning in which a stimulus that does not elicit a given response is repeatedly linked with one that does until the neutral stimulus elicits the response by itself Unconditioned Stimulus (US) – agent that leads to a response without training Unconditioned Response (UR) – automatic response to a US Neutral Stimulus (NS) – agent that initially has no effect Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a former NS that comes to elicit a given response after pairing it with an US Conditioned Response (CR) – a learned response to CS * The NS always becomes the CS*
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US – foodUR – salivates US + NS – bellUR – salivates CS – bellCR - salivates
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Key Psychologist – B.F. Skinner Belief – behaviour comes before reinforcement Example – Mouse and lever Mouse pushes lever (behaviour) to get cheese (reward) You study hard on test (behaviour) you receive a 4+ (reward)
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Learning by watching or imitating models of behaviour that are successful I.e. sports, speaking Process: 1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Reproduction – convert stored memory into action 4. Motivation- interest in skill to practice Issue: What is the effect of TV / Video game violence on children?
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Understanding or learning which is often sudden like an “aha” experience or “eureka” moment Latent learning occurs Latent learning – the mind works on the problem even though there are no outward signs until the insight reveals itself (AHA!!)
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Behaviourist Psychologists (like Pavlov and Skinner) believe we can explain most, if not all, human learning as a form of conditioning – especially operant. For example, we continue to do things that bring us rewards and avoid things that bring us pain
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Disadvantages of Punishment May stop undesired behaviour but does not show the desired behaviour Punishment is attention therefore may be considered a reward Too much punishment causes psychological effects
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