1. LEARNING

2. 3 Main Types of Learning Classical Conditioning – Pavlov
Operant Conditioning – Skinner
Observational / Social Learning - Bandura

3. How do we learn? Most learning is associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together.

4. What was Derek Zoolander conditioned to do?

5. Classical Conditioning 243-250
It all started with:
Ivan Pavlov …. And his dogs.
Interested in digestion but noticed dogs were salivating when he entered the room.
Why??

7. CS --> CR Unconditioned stimulus (US)- normal or natural stimulus.
Unconditioned Response (UR) - normal / natural response.
Neutral Stimulus (NS) - would not normally cause a response.
NS + US = UR
The neutral stimulus becomes conditioned, to produce the conditioned response.
More recent example - a tuning fork plus a puff of air in the eye

8. Conditioning Associating neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus = CS
Conditioned Response = CR
A previously Neutral Stimulus (NS) produces a response in the animal/human

9. How did Pavlov’s experiment work?
Food = US
Salivation = UR
Bell = NS → CS
Associating bell with food = CS
Salivating to the bell = CR

10. What about our Squirt Bottle experiment?
Unconditioned Stimulus (US):
Squirt of water
Unconditioned Response (UR):
Eye Flinching
Neutral Stimulus (NS) → (CS):
Word “psycho”
Conditioned Response (CR):
Flinching to word “psycho”

11. Some practice Scenario 1
A man goes to a nice restaurant & gets his favorite dish – shrimp. After eating at the restaurant, he gets food poisoning & is violently ill. After the food poisoning, he never wants to eat shrimp again and gags a little when he smells it.
_____ + ________  ____________
NS UCS UCR
___________  ____________
CS CR
Scenario 2
Every time a man hears “Dancing Queen” by Abba, he cannot control his happy feet and begins to dance wildly. Whenever the DJ is about to play “Dancing Queen” he unbuttons the first two buttons on his shirt. Now, whenever the DJ unbuttons his shirt, the person begins to dance wildly.
_____ + ________  ____________
NS UCS UCR
__________  ____________

12. Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas
Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning.
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination

13. Acquisition Does timing matter? The initial stage of learning.
The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS).
Does timing matter?
The CS should come before the UCS (within 5 seconds).

14. Extinction The diminishing of a conditioned response.
Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS.
Is extinction permanent?

15. Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance. After a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.

16. Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.

17. Discrimination
The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS.

18. Applications of classical conditioning
Pages
Applications of classical conditioning

19. John Watson
Started behavioral perspective – idea that psychology should be centered on observable responses
Case of Little Albert 3:27

20. John Watson and advertising
Used classical conditioning principles in advertising
People associate products with sex appeal or warm, comfortable feelings

21. Cognition in Classical Conditioning
Rescorla and Wagner
Contingency model of conditioning
Rat A heard a tone then was shocked 20 times. Rat B had the tone-shock pair but then was shocked without the tone. Which one had a stronger response?
Garcia and Koelling = biological predisposition to learn
Rats given sugar water then injected with nausea producing drug hours later will have a taste aversion.
Wouldn’t become nauseous to sounds, sights. Why not?

22. So are we all just Pavlovian dogs who will mindlessly follow a bell?
What do Rescorla/Wagner and Garcia/Koelling experiments tell us about humans and conditioning?

23. Real Life applications of Classical Conditioning
Animal Training
Food Aversions
Bedwetting Alarms