1. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 “Ekman versus Scherer” or “What is important to recognize/express emotion?” (Selected GERG studies directed by Susanne kaiser)

2. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 1 :p vs

3. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 2 Facial expression 2 theoretical approaches: “Discrete emotions” (Ekman, 1992; Ekman & Frisen, 1975: EMFACS) “Appraisal theory” of emotion (Scherer, 1984, 1992)

4. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 3 2 theories, 2 sets of predictions: the example of Anger (EMFACS)

5. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 4 Cumulative effect of appraisals on facial muscles Novelty Unpleasantness Goal-obstructiveness High control / High power

6. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 5 Cues manipulation: in synthesis Cues are manipulated (synthetized faces) acc to EMFACS predictions and to appraisal patterns predictions Effects of different configurations (static and dynamic) on emotional attributions have been assessed by Wehrle et al. (2000)

7. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 6 Cues manipulation: in observation Cognitive appraisals are “manipulated” in the context of a computer game Effects of different appraisals on facial expressions have been reported in Kaiser, Wehrle, & Schmidt (1998) Indications that basic emotions are not sufficiently differentiated to account for facial expressions

8. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 7 Facial appraisal patterns (1) Report: “Anger” Appraisal: “Unfair”

9. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 8 Facial appraisal patterns (2) Report: “Anger” Appraisal: “Blame someone (who did it on purpose)”

10. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 9 Facial appraisal patterns (3) Report: “Anger” Appraisal: “Blame the other AND oneself”

11. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 10 Conclusions (1) Different expressions for the same basic emotion Individual differences in expressivity are large Similar observations can be made for –Vocal expressions –Physiological reactions –Gestures, postures

12. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 11 Next steps Integration of multiple channels –One attempt for voice + physiology (Johnstone & Scherer, 1999) –Especially important for Better undestanding single channels Realism in building ECAs Use of ECAs to address available theories

13. GERG Santorini, 18-21 June, 2004 12 Thank you!