1. FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF PROGRESSIVISM
America: Past and Present
Chapter 23

2. The Spirit of Progressivism
Progressivism not a coherent movement
Shared values
sense of evangelical Protestant duty
faith in the benefits of science
commitment to improve all aspects of American life

3. The Rise of the Professions
Professions bulwarks of Progressivism
Law
Medicine
Business
Education
Social work
Professionalism strengthened through entrance exams, national associations

4. The Social-Justice Movement
Reformers forsake individualized reform to address larger structural problems
Apply scientific methods to social reform
Social work became a profession

5. The Purity Crusade Crusade against vice
1911--membership in Women's Christian Temperance Union hits 250,000
states prohibit alcohol
th Amendment prohibits alcohol

6. Woman Suffrage, Woman's Rights
Women fill Progressive ranks
National Conference of Social Work
General Federation of Women's Clubs
1890--National American Woman Suffrage Association formed
1920--Nineteenth Amendment passed
Suffrage seen as empowering women to benefit the disadvantaged

7. Women’s Suffrage Before 1900

8. A Ferment of Ideas: Challenging the Status Quo
Progressives, pragmatists, measure value of ideas by actions they inspire
Reject social Darwinism
John Dewey--education should stress personal growth, free inquiry, creativity

9. A Ferment of Ideas: Challenging the Status Quo (2)
1901--Socialist party formed
Unites intellectuals, factory workers, tenant farmers, miners, lumberjacks
Promises Progressive reform rather than overthrow of capitalism
1912--Socialist presidential candidate Eugene Debs polls over 900,000 votes

10. Reform in the Cities and States
Progressives wanted government to follow the public will
Reform government
reorganize for efficiency, effectiveness
new agencies address particular social ills
posts staffed with experts
Government power extended at all levels

11. Interest Groups and the Decline of Popular Politics
Decline in voter participation
77% from
65% from
52% in the 1920s
remains near 52% through 20th century
Interest groups get favorable legislation through lobbying

12. Voter Participation in Presidential Elections, 1876-1920

13. Reform in the Cities
Urban reform leagues form professional, nonpolitical civil service
Appointed commissioners replace elected officials in many cities
City manager idea spreads
Reform mayors
Tom Johnson of Cleveland
"Golden Rule" Jones of Toledo

14. Action in the States
State regulatory commissions created to investigate economic life
Initiative, referendum, and recall created
th Amendment provides for direct election of U.S. senators

15. Action in the States: Reform Governors
Robert La Follette of Wisconsin
“Wisconsin Idea” taps experts in higher education for help in sweeping reforms
Other Progressive governors
Joseph Folk of Missouri
Hiram Johnson of California
Charles Evans Hughes of New York
Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey

16. The Republican Roosevelt
Often defies convention
Brings an exuberance to the presidency
Surrounds himself with able associates

17. Busting the Trusts
1902--wave of trust-busting led by suit against Northern Securities Company
1904--Northern Securities dissolved
Roosevelt reputed a "trust-buster"
Comparatively few antitrust cases under Roosevelt

18. "Square Deal" in the Coalfields
1902--United Mine Workers strike in Pennsylvania threatens U.S. economy
U.M.W., companies to White House
Roosevelt wins company concessions by threatening military seizure of mines
Roosevelt acts as broker of interests

19. Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height
1904—A four-way election
Republican—Theodore Roosevelt
Democrat—Alton B. Parker
Socialist—Eugene V. Debs
Prohibition—Silas C. Swallow
Roosevelt wins 57% of popular vote, 336 electoral votes

21. Regulating the Railroads
1903--Elkins Act prohibits railroad rebates, strengthens Interstate Commerce Commission
Widespread popular demand for further railroad regulation after Roosevelt’s reelection
1906--Hepburn Act further strengthens Interstate Commerce Commission
membership from five to seven
may fix reasonable maximum rates
jurisdiction broadened to include oil pipeline, express, sleeping car companies

22. Cleaning Up Food and Drugs
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) prompts federal investigation of meatpacking industry
1906--Meat Inspection Act
sets rules for sanitary meatpacking
requires government inspection of meat products
Samuel Hopkins Adams exposes dangers of patent medicines
1906--Pure Food and Drug Act
requires manufacturers to list certain ingredients
bans manufacture and sale of adulterated drugs

23. Conserving the Land First comprehensive national conservation policy
Roosevelt works with Gifford Pinchot, chief of Forest Service
policy defines “conservation” as wise use of natural resources
Quadruples acreage under federal protection

24. National Parks and Forests

25. Conserving the Land (2) Roosevelt’s challenge Popular response
attacks “malefactors of great wealth”
criticizes conservatism of federal courts
agitates for pro-labor legislation
Popular response
business leaders blame for financial panic
overwhelming majority support

26. The Ordeal of William Howard Taft
Taft able administrator, poor president
Conservative Republicans resurge
Taft loses support of Progressives

28. Party Insurgency Tariff splits Republicans
Progressives: high tariff favors trusts
Conservatives: high tariff protects business
1909 Payne-Aldrich Act provokes Progressives to break with Taft

29. The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
Gifford Pinchot leading conservationist, Roosevelt appointee
Pinchot accuses Interior Secretary Richard Ballinger of selling public lands to friends
Taft fires Pinchot
Progressives antagonized

30. Taft Alienates the Progressives
1910--Taft successfully pushes Mann-Elkins Act to strengthen ICC
empowers ICC to fix railroad rates
Progressive Republicans attack Taft’s plan of a Commerce Court to hear ICC appeals
progressives obstruct Taft’s negotiations
1910--Taft attacks Progressive Republicans, Democrats gain Congress

31. Taft Alienates the Progressives (2)
Legislation protecting laborers
Sixteenth Amendment creates income tax
Taft a greater trustbuster than Roosevelt
Taft, Roosevelt attack one another publicly
1912--Taft renominated by Republicans, little chance for victory

32. Differing Philosophies in the Election of 1912
Roosevelt--Progressive ("Bull Moose")
“New Nationalism”
federal regulation of economy
wasteful competition replaced by efficiency
Woodrow Wilson--Democrat
"New Freedom" for individual
restrain big business, government
Democrats win White House, Congress

34. Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson former president of Princeton, governor of New Jersey
Progressive, intellectual, inspiring orator
One of America's most effective presidents

35. The New Freedom in Action
1913--Underwood Tariff cuts duties
1913--Federal Reserve Act reforms banks, establishes stable currency
1914--Clayton Antitrust Act outlaws unfair trade practices, protects unions
1914--Federal Trade Commission

36. New Freedom in Action: Retreating from Reform
November, Wilson announces the "New Freedom" has been achieved
It was “a time of healing because a time of just dealing”
Statement stuns many progressives

37. Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism
Reasons for the move
distracted by the outbreak of war in Europe
needs conservative Southern support
Republicans seem to gain by attacking his programs
1916--Presidential election

38. Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism (2)
Wilson renews reform in reelection bid
Federal Farm Loan Act
intervenes in strikes on behalf of workers
attempts to ban child labor
increases income taxes on the rich
supports women’s suffrage
Program wins Wilson a close election

39. The Fruits of the Progressivism
Reform of government at all levels
Intelligent planning of reform
World War I ends Progressive optimism