1. Franklin D. Roosevelt & the Shadow of War 1933-1941 (Chapter 35)

2. 1) The Purpose of the London Economic Conference (Summer of 1933) 66 nations attended 66 nations attended Purpose was to attack the global depression (an eagerness to stabilize national currencies and thus revive int’l trade.) Purpose was to attack the global depression (an eagerness to stabilize national currencies and thus revive int’l trade.) FDR was opposed to an international agreement on currency. Why? FDR was opposed to an international agreement on currency. Why? U.S. actions here plunged the world deeper into isolationism and nationalism. U.S. actions here plunged the world deeper into isolationism and nationalism.

3. 2) Why did FDR officially recognize Russia in 1933? Because of its power and size (trade partner and possible military ally) Because of its power and size (trade partner and possible military ally) Hitler was on the rise in Germany & Japan was stirring things up in the Far East. Hitler was on the rise in Germany & Japan was stirring things up in the Far East.

4. 3) Freedom for the Philippines in 1934 (Tydings-McDuffie Act) Because of the depression, American taxpayers & organized labor put pressure on the government to let the Philippines go. Because of the depression, American taxpayers & organized labor put pressure on the government to let the Philippines go. Americans were trying to “free” themselves of the Filipino burden. Americans were trying to “free” themselves of the Filipino burden. This cost America “face” in the Far East. This cost America “face” in the Far East. Provided a boost to Japanese ambitions in the Far East. Provided a boost to Japanese ambitions in the Far East.

5. 4) “Good Neighbors” for Latin America Why? The U.S. was eager to line up allies to help defend the western hemisphere. Why? The U.S. was eager to line up allies to help defend the western hemisphere. Policy emphasized consultation and non- intervention in Latin American affairs. Policy emphasized consultation and non- intervention in Latin American affairs. Involved a repeal of TR’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Involved a repeal of TR’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

6. 5) The Beliefs of Cordell Hull Secretary of State who believed in low tariffs because trade is a “two-way” street. (Can only sell abroad if you buy abroad.) Secretary of State who believed in low tariffs because trade is a “two-way” street. (Can only sell abroad if you buy abroad.) Believed that trade wars beget shooting wars. Believed that trade wars beget shooting wars. Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934) Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934) We lower tariff rates, they lower tariff rates by the same %. We lower tariff rates, they lower tariff rates by the same %. This reversed the “traditional” high-tariff policy of the U.S. which existed since the Civil War and paved the way for the post-WWII free trade international economic system. This reversed the “traditional” high-tariff policy of the U.S. which existed since the Civil War and paved the way for the post-WWII free trade international economic system.

7. 6) The Rise of Totalitarianism “the individual is nothing, the state is everything” “the individual is nothing, the state is everything” Germany – Hitler (1933) Germany – Hitler (1933) Italy – Mussolini (1922) Italy – Mussolini (1922) Japan – Tojo Japan – Tojo Caused a boost to American isolationism Caused a boost to American isolationism

8. 7) The Neutrality Acts Congress responded to overwhelming popular pressure and attempted to actually “legislate” us out of war. Congress responded to overwhelming popular pressure and attempted to actually “legislate” us out of war. Neutrality Acts of 1935,36,37 Neutrality Acts of 1935,36,37 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically take effect: When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically take effect: 1. No American could sail on a belligerent ship. 2. No American could sell or transport munitions to a belligerent. 3. No American could make loans to a belligerent.

9. 7) The Neutrality Acts: cont. This marked an abandonment of the traditional policy of freedom of the seas. This marked an abandonment of the traditional policy of freedom of the seas. Acts were of dubious morality because they made no distinction between brutal aggressors (Hitler) and innocent victims (Luxembourg) Acts were of dubious morality because they made no distinction between brutal aggressors (Hitler) and innocent victims (Luxembourg) These incredibly stupid acts actually tipped the scales in favor of the dictators. These incredibly stupid acts actually tipped the scales in favor of the dictators.

10. 8) The “Appeasement” of Hitler 1935 – Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by announcing compulsory military service in Germany. 1935 – Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by announcing compulsory military service in Germany. 1936 – Hitler invades the Rhineland (another violation of the Treaty of Versailles) 1936 – Hitler invades the Rhineland (another violation of the Treaty of Versailles) 1937 – FDR gives his “Quarantine Speech” in Chicago (calls for economic embargoes of Japan and Spain. 1937 – FDR gives his “Quarantine Speech” in Chicago (calls for economic embargoes of Japan and Spain. March 1938 – Hitler annexed Austria March 1938 – Hitler annexed Austria Later 1938 – Hitler takes the Sudetenland Later 1938 – Hitler takes the Sudetenland Later yet in 1938 – Hitler is “appeased” at the Munich Conference by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain who claims “I have preserved peace for our time” - What a gutless excuse for a man!!!!!! Later yet in 1938 – Hitler is “appeased” at the Munich Conference by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain who claims “I have preserved peace for our time” - What a gutless excuse for a man!!!!!! 6 months later, Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia. 6 months later, Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia.

11. 9) The Effect of the Soviet-German “non-aggression” pact of 1939 Meant that Hitler could now focus on Poland and western Europe without having to worry about a Soviet attack from the East.

12. 10) 10) Germany Invades Poland (Sept. 1939) Caused Britain and France to declare war on Nazi Germany. Marked the beginning of WW II in Europe. Triggers a neutrality debate in the U.S. Neutrality Act of 1939 Permits the U.S. to sell goods to its allies on a “cash and carry” basis. (The hope was that America would avoid loans, war debts, and torpedoed ships.)

13. 11) The Fall of France (June 1940) In April of 1940, Hitler overran Denmark and Norway. (ends the “phony war” – lull after the invasion of Poland) In April of 1940, Hitler overran Denmark and Norway. (ends the “phony war” – lull after the invasion of Poland) May 1940 – Netherlands and Belgium fall to Germany. May 1940 – Netherlands and Belgium fall to Germany. June 1940 – France falls to the Nazis June 1940 – France falls to the Nazis France’s fall shocked Americans out of their isolationist daydreams. France’s fall shocked Americans out of their isolationist daydreams. U.S. begins to increase military production. U.S. begins to increase military production. Congress appropriates $37 billion in the year following the fall of France. (That is more than the total cost of WW I and is 5x larger than any New Deal budget.) Congress appropriates $37 billion in the year following the fall of France. (That is more than the total cost of WW I and is 5x larger than any New Deal budget.)

14. 12) The Battle of Britain August 1940 – July 1941 August 1940 – July 1941 Churchill vows “We Shall Never Surrender” Churchill vows “We Shall Never Surrender” Triggers a debate in the U.S.: Triggers a debate in the U.S.: Help Britain or hunker down and take a defensive posture Help Britain or hunker down and take a defensive posture The Destroyer Deal (September 1940) The Destroyer Deal (September 1940)

15. 13) FDR Breaks the “Two-Term Tradition” in 1940 Challenged by recently-converted Republican Wendell Willkie Challenged by recently-converted Republican Wendell Willkie FDR was 1) experienced and 2) knew the Allied leaders of Europe FDR was 1) experienced and 2) knew the Allied leaders of Europe ** Japan joined the Nazis in Sept. 1940 ** Japan joined the Nazis in Sept. 1940

16. 14) The Lend-Lease Act Approved by Congress in March of 1941 Approved by Congress in March of 1941 Lend-lease concept Lend-lease concept Made America the “arsenal of democracy” Made America the “arsenal of democracy” Before it ended in 1945, America sent $50 billion of arms and equipment to our European Allies Before it ended in 1945, America sent $50 billion of arms and equipment to our European Allies **** Ends the neutrality of the U.S. **** Ends the neutrality of the U.S.

17. 15) Germany Invades the Soviet Union (June 1941) Hitler breaks the non-aggression pact and launches a massive attack on the Soviet Union. Hitler breaks the non-aggression pact and launches a massive attack on the Soviet Union. A HUGE BLOODBATH!!!!! A HUGE BLOODBATH!!!!!

18. 16) The Atlantic Charter (Aug. 1941) FDR & Churchill met on a ship off the coast of Newfoundland. FDR & Churchill met on a ship off the coast of Newfoundland. Agreement on war strategy and plans for the post-war world (Beat Hitler 1 st !!!) Agreement on war strategy and plans for the post-war world (Beat Hitler 1 st !!!) Laid groundwork for the United Nations Laid groundwork for the United Nations

19. 17) The Attack on Pearl Harbor December 7 th, 1941 - “a day which will live in infamy.” December 7 th, 1941 - “a day which will live in infamy.” Triggered by a U.S.-led embargo of steel, scrap-iron, & oil to Japan Triggered by a U.S.-led embargo of steel, scrap-iron, & oil to Japan