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4. Presidents of the Progressive Era William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Taft Woodrow Wilson OwlTeacher.com

5. How do you measure Progress in your life? How does a society or nation measure its progress? In what ways could our country make progress today? OwlTeacher.com

6. Historians call the period from about 1890–1920 the Progressive Era.Historians call the period from about 1890–1920 the Progressive Era.

7. OwlTeacher.com Why did the Progressive Era Occur? Industrialization, Urbanization, and immigration brought many benefits to America….BUT The rapid growth also caused poverty, unemployment, horrible working conditions and political corruption. Many Progressives believed that political action and reform, not private charities, were the methods to bring about progress in society.

8. OwlTeacher.com A Monday Afternoon Washing, 107 th Street, 1900

9. OwlTeacher.com Family in Attic Home, Drying Their Laundry, ca. 1900-1910

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11. Video: America in the 20 th Century: Early Voices of Reform OwlTeacher.com

12. The Progressives: Their Goals and Beliefs Progressives were not a single unified movement. They fell into four categories: Social Moral Economic Political

13. Common Beliefs of Progressives 1.The Government should be more accountable to its citizens. 2.Government should curb the power and influence of wealthy interests 3.Government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizen. 4.Governments should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they could competently handle an expanded role.

14. OwlTeacher.com Igniting Reform: Writers, Journalists and Muckrakers The ideas of many writers and journalists influenced public opinion about how to reform society.The ideas of many writers and journalists influenced public opinion about how to reform society. Journalists investigated and publicized conditions in certain industries, slums, tenement houses, and sweat shops.Journalists investigated and publicized conditions in certain industries, slums, tenement houses, and sweat shops.

15. OwlTeacher.com Muckrakers Theodore Roosevelt called the journalists “muckrakers.” Roosevelt was concerned that exposing poverty and corruption could lead to rebellion.

16. Lincoln Steffens Published stories about political corruption OwlTeacher.com

17. Jacob Riis Photographed pictures of urban slums OwlTeacher.com

18. Frank Norris and Upton Sinclair OwlTeacher.com

19. Video: The Jungle: A View of Industrial America Questions from the Video: 1.What role did journalists play in the Progressive Era? 1.Which Progressive reforms do you think had the greatest effects on society? OwlTeacher.com

20. An Expanded Role for Government Progressives sought more social welfare programs to help ensure a minimum standard of living. Many of the earliest Progressive reforms were made at the municipal, or city, level. Some municipal reformers worked for home rule, a system that gives cities a limited degree of self-rule. Municipal reformers opposed the influence of political bosses. Reformers made efforts to take over city utilities such as water, gas, and electricity. Some reform mayors led movements for city-supported welfare services such as public baths, parks, work-relief programs, playgrounds, kindergartens, and lodging houses for the homeless (settlement house).

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22. Video: American in the 20 th Century: Progressive Programs OwlTeacher.com

23. Theodore Roosevelt War hero, seasoned politician, and dedication reformers became president in 1901. He quickly pushed Congress to approve the Square Deal, a program of reform aimed at stopping the wealthy and powerful from dominating small business owners and the poor. OwlTeacher.com

24. Roosevelt's Square Deal Hepburn Act-limited what railroads could charge for shopping. This helped farmers in the West who had been at the mercy of the railroads. Meat Inspection Act-gave the government the power to inspect meat and meat-processing plants to ensure the meat was safe to eat. Pure Food and Drug Act-banned interstate shipment of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs. OwlTeacher.com

25. Roosevelt's Square Deal National Reclamation Act- gave the government the power to build and manage dams and to control where and how water was used. OwlTeacher.com

26. Video: American in the 20 th Century: Progressivism at the National level OwlTeacher.com

27. Think About: How did the reformers of recall and initiative help fight political corruption? OwlTeacher.com

28. Taft vs. Roosevelt After two terms in office Roosevelt wanted William Howard Taft to follow him because Taft shared his belief in regulating business and Roosevelt became disappointed and, later, angry. He began to speak out against Taft, promoting what he called New Nationalism. As another election neared, the Taft- Roosevelt battle split the Republican Party. A group of Progressives created the Progressive Party and nominated Roosevelt as its candidate for President OwlTeacher.com

29. Taft’s Presidency Taft was endorsed by Roosevelt and pledged to carry on the progressive program. However, he did not even appoint any Progressives to his Cabinet. He campaigned on a platform to lower tariffs (taxes), but ended up signing a bill that added some highly protective tariff increases.

30. The Presidents: William Taft OwlTeacher.com

31. The Election of 1912 A Four-Way Election Fought to keep the Presidency for the Republican Party William Howard Taft Represented the Progressive Bull Moose Party Theodore Roosevelt Made his third of five presidential runs for the Socialist Party Eugene V. Debs Headed the Democratic ticket; with the Republican Party split between Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson won the election. Woodrow Wilson

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33. Women Make Progress! OwlTeacher.com

34. Florence Kelley Believed that unfair prices for household goods hurt women and their families, so she helped found the Nationalism Consumers League (NCL). OwlTeacher.com

35. Temperance-Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Women tried to reduce the consumption of alcohol. OwlTeacher.com

37. Margaret Sanger Sought a different change. She thought that family life and women’s health would improve if mothers had fewer children. Opened the nations first birth control clinic. OwlTeacher.com

38. Ida B. Wells Established the National Association of Colored Women, which helped African Americans families by providing childcare and education. OwlTeacher.com

39. National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Formed by Carrie Chapman Catt, the group lobbied Congress for the right to vote and used the referendum process to try and get women the vote in individual states. By 1918, this strategy had helped women get the vote in several states. OwlTeacher.com

40. National Women’s Party (NWP) Staged protest marches and hunger strikes and even picketed the White House to demand the right to vote. When the United States Entered World War I in 1917, the NAWSA supported the war effort. Its actions and those of the NWP convinced a growing number of legislators to support a woman suffrage amendment. OwlTeacher.com

41. Women gain the right to vote! OwlTeacher.com

42. African Americans and Civil Rights Like most other progressives- Roosevelt failed to support the civil rights of African- Americans, although, he did support of few individual African-Americans. Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to the White House as a symbolic gesture. OwlTeacher.com

43. Segregation Many Progressives shared the same prejudices against non-whites and other Americans. They also supported segregation, or separation of the races, and laws to limit minority voting. OwlTeacher.com

44. Supreme Court Cases: Plessy vs. Furgeson OwlTeacher.com

45. Booker T. Washington -Washington was respected by powerful whites, but faced opposition from other African-Americans such as W.E.B. Du Bois, for his accommodation of segregationists and for blaming black poverty on blacks and urging them to accept discrimination. OwlTeacher.com

46. W.E.B. Du Bois Believed that blacks should demand immediately all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Du Bois was part of the Niagara Movement, a group that called for rapid progress and more education for blacks. OwlTeacher.com

47. NAACP-National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peopled. Planned to use the court system to fight for civil rights of African Americans, including the right to vote. OwlTeacher.com

48. The Presidents: Woodrow Wilson OwlTeacher.com

49. Wilson’s Policies as President Wilson was reformer who thought government she play an active role in the economy.

50. OwlTeacher.com Wilson’s Policies and President 1-Wilson tried to prevent manufactures from charged unfairly high prices. He cut tariffs on imported goods, which made foreign goods more competitive in the United States and forced U.S. producers to charge fair prices.

51. OwlTeacher.com Wilson’s Policies as President He also pushed for the creation of an income tax, which the 16 th Amendment gave Congress the power to do. This tax more than made up for the money the government lost by lowering tariffs.

52. Federal Reserve Act This law gave the government authority to supervise banks by placing national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board. OwlTeacher.com

53. Federal Trade Commission Monitored business practices to watch out for false advertising and dishonest labeling. Congress also passed the Clayton Antitrust Act, which strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out which business activities were illegal. OwlTeacher.com

54. The Limits of Progressivism The changes made by Progressives were limited to certain groups in the United States.The changes made by Progressives were limited to certain groups in the United States. Progressives championed municipal reforms, but did little for tenant or migrant farmers.Progressives championed municipal reforms, but did little for tenant or migrant farmers. Progressive Presidents took little action to pursue social justice reforms.Progressive Presidents took little action to pursue social justice reforms.

55. OwlTeacher.com Wilson continued the Jim Crow practice, begun under Taft, of separating the races in federal offices. At the 1912 Progressive Party convention, Roosevelt declined to seat black delegates from the South for fear of alienating white Southern Progressives. By 1916, the reform spirit had nearly died. It was replaced by American concerns about World War I.

56. Why the Progressive Era Was So Important: Because Child Labor was banned! Lewis Hine, the celebrated photographer & dedicated social reformer, captured the sad faces of the children in the following photos. Captions and quotes are from Hine’s published works.

57. OwlTeacher.com Faces of Lost Youth

58. OwlTeacher.com Some boys and girls were so small they had to climb up on to the spinning frame to mend broken threads and to put back the empty bobbins.

59. OwlTeacher.com Furman Owens, 12 years old. Can’t read, doesn’t know his ABC’s. Said, “Yes, I want to learn, but can’t when I work all the time.”