1. President Theodore Roosevelt delivering a speech. NEXT The nation faces social and political problems at the turn of the 20th century. People work in various ways to solve these problems. The Progressive Era, 1890–1920

2. NEXT SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 Roosevelt and Progressivism Taft and Wilson as Progressives Women Win New Rights The Progressive Era, 1890–1920

3. NEXT Reformers try to solve the problems of the cities. They gain a champion in Theodore Roosevelt. Section 1 Roosevelt and Progressivism

4. NEXT The Rise of Progressivism Roosevelt and Progressivism Rapid growth of U.S. cities brings many problems, including: -poverty -spread of slums -poor conditions in factories 1 SECTION Reform movements organize, believe in goodness of people, democracy Reform movements come to be grouped under the label progressivism. Continued...

5. Writers called muckrakers revealed corruption, and inspired reform 1 SECTION Progressive reformers share at least 1 of 3 basic goals: -reform government, expand democracy -promote social welfare -create economic reform continued The Rise of Progressivism NEXT

6. Reforming Government and Expanding Democracy Patronage—elected officials give jobs, contracts for political support 1 SECTION Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883): -requires people to take civil service exam for certain government jobs -stops officials from firing civil service workers for political reasons Continued... NEXT

7. Wisconsin becomes first state to establish a direct primary 1 SECTION Direct primary—voters not party choose candidates continued Reforming Government and Expanding Democracy Newspaper editor William S. U’Ren promotes 3 more reforms: - initiative—allows voters to propose a law directly - referendum—proposed law is submitted to vote of the people - recall—allows people to vote an official out of office NEXT

8. Promoting Social Welfare Movements deal with poverty, unemployment, bad working conditions 1 SECTION Jane Addams helps poor at Hull House, helps unemployed Florence Kelley pushes for minimum wage laws, limits on working hours Prohibitionists work to prevent alcohol from ruining people’s lives NEXT

9. Promote Moral Development Some reformers felt that the answer to society’s problems was personal behavior. They proposed such reforms as prohibition. Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

10. Creating Economic Reform Economic reform limits, regulates big business 1 SECTION Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890: -Roosevelt broke up the Standard Oil trust as the Sherman Antitrust Act made trusts illegal -government does not enforce law at first Enforcement requires a strong president NEXT

11. Roosevelt and the Rough Riders Roosevelt captured national attention by advocating war with Spain in 1898. His volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough Riders, won public acclaim for its role in the battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba. Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected governor of NY and later McKinley’s vice-president.

12. Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

13. Trust-Busting By 1900, trusts – legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries. Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Anti- Trust Act

14. Roosevelt’s Square Deal He saw government as an umpire. He wanted to ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big business

15. Roosevelt Leads Progressive Reforms Voters pressure senators, representatives to pass reforms 1 SECTION Roosevelt signs Meat Inspection Act (1906): -creates government meat inspection program Signs Pure Food and Drug Act: -bans the sale of impure foods and medicines Does not take political risk by leading fight for civil rights NEXT Due to Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” :

16. Pure Food and Drug Act In response to unsubstantiated claims and unwholesome products, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. The Act halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.

17. Conservation Roosevelt, a strong crusader for conservation 1 SECTION Conservation—controlling the use of America’s natural resources He believed the nation’s natural resources should be maintained for the benefit of all people. He transferred large amounts of federal land into the national forest system. He urged the creation of new national parks. Map NEXT

18. Progressive reforms continue under William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson. NEXT Section 2 Taft and Wilson as Progressives

19. Republican William Howard Taft wins presidential election (1908) 2 SECTION Taft continues Roosevelt’s legacy of actively working to dismantle trusts : He addressed the progressive goals of democracy, social welfare, economic reform Receives less credit because of alliance with conservative Republicans Taft becomes the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court after serving as President. NEXT Taft and Progressivism

20. Two Progressive Amendments Sixteenth Amendment (1909): -establishes the income tax -spreads cost of running government among more people 2 SECTION Seventeenth Amendment (1913): -provides direct election of U.S. senators by voters in each state -senators no longer can obtain positions through corrupt bargains - U.S. Senators were chosen by the state legislature before the 17 th Amendment took effect. NEXT

21. Direct Election Of Senators Before 1913, each state’s legislature had chosen U.S. senators. To force senators to be more responsive to the public, Progressives pushed for the popular election of senators. As a result, Congress passed the 17 th Amendment in 1913.

22. The Election of 1912 Conservative Republicans back President Taft, wins party’s nomination 2 SECTION Progressive Republicans back Theodore Roosevelt, form Bull Moose Party Democrats choose Governor Woodrow Wilson as presidential candidate Eugene Debs enters presidential race as Socialist candidate. He, as the third party candidate split the Republican Party in 1912 and prevented President Taft from being reelected. Republicans deeply divided, Wilson wins the election Chart NEXT

23. Secure Economic Reform The Panic of 1893 prompted some Americans to question the capitalist economic system. As a result, some workers embraced socialism. Eugene Debs organized the American Socialist Party in 1901. Debs encouraged workers to reject American capitalism

24. The Wilson Presidency 2 SECTION Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): - encouraged business competition and was pro-labor -gives government more power to regulate trusts -allows labor unions, farm organizations to merge, expand -limits power of courts to force workers to end strikes -legalizes labor tactics like strikes, picketing, boycotts Continued... NEXT

25. 2 SECTION Federal Reserve Act (1913): -created the modern banking system - improves nation’s monetary, banking system -allows banks to control money supplies continued The Wilson Presidency Wilson approves segregation of black, white federal employees Does not promote civil rights for African Americans NEXT

26. The Eighteenth Amendment 2 SECTION Supporters of prohibition gain strength during Wilson’s presidency NEXT Considered to be a progressive reform because it was a law that banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol, trying to reduce poverty

27. Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson supported trust-busting, conservation, and women’s suffrage. Throughout the Progressive Era, presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson did not actively promote civil rights for African Americans.

28. Limits of Progressivism While the Progressive era was responsible for many important reforms, it failed to make gains for African Americans. Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights when he entered office. The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s

29. NEXT Section 3 Women Win New Rights Women become leaders in social reform movements and win the right to vote during the Progressive Era.

30. New Roles for Women Women Win New Rights Technological advances reduce work at home, families get smaller 3 SECTION Schools offer courses that teach women latest homemaking methods More women take jobs in factories, offices, stores Some get college education, pursue professions like nursing, teaching If financially possible, women expected to quit jobs when they marry Image NEXT

31. Women Progressives Partake in social reform movements that help others 3 SECTION Jane Addams starts Hull House in Chicago, helps immigrants, unemployed find jobs Hull House provides day nurseries, training for public services Carry Nation campaigns for prohibition, helps passage 18th Amendment Carry Nation smashed saloons with a hatchet. She believed that alcohol led to violence, poverty, and unemployment. NEXT

32. Women Progressives cont. Lillian Wald was inspired to found the Henry Street Settlement House, a visiting nurse program. Florence Kelly became secretary of the National Consumer’s League.

33. Suffrage for Women 2 woman suffrage groups merge 3 SECTION Form National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Elizabeth Cady Stanton is 1st president Susan B. Anthony becomes group’s president (1892) NAWSA focuses on state campaigns to win right to vote By 1914, 11 Western states approved suffrage Map NEXT

34. The Nineteenth Amendment Tide turns in favor of woman suffrage, U.S. enters WW I (1917) 3 SECTION Carrie Chapman Catt president of NAWSA President Wilson urges Senate to pass women’s suffrage amendment U.S. states ratify Nineteenth Amendment (1920): - gives women the right to vote in every state of the nation. Catt argues U.S. cannot deny vote to women who support war effort NEXT

35. Charlotte Woodard She attended the first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls in 1848 and voted in a presidential election in 1920.