1. THE NEW DEAL 1933-1940 A257.3.13

2. GUIDING QUESTIONS How successful was the Roosevelt Administration’s “New Deal” in solving the problems of the Great Depression? (Consider: relief, Recovery, Reform; e.g. Agricultural Adjustment Act; Securities and Exchange Commission; Wagner National Labor Relations Act; Social Security Act) How did it change the role of the federal government? How did it fashion a more stable economy and a more equitable society?

3. 1932 ELECTION Franklin D. Roosevelt attitude toward government “New Deal” Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1920 Vice Presidential nominee for Democratic Party Roosevelt Campaigning for Office in Kansas 1932

4. 1932 ELECTION Hoover “The Worst is Past" "Prosperity is Just Around the Corner"

5. 1932 ELECTION Results Electoral Shift, 1928 and 1932

6. 1932 ELECTION Lame-duck period (Nov. 1932- March 3, 1933) banking industry collapse Twentieth Amendment (1933) Bank Failures, 1929-1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover on the way to FDR's inauguration, March 4, 1933 (Library of Congress) Bank Failures, 1929-1933

7. FDR: A “NEW DEAL” “A New Deal for the American People” "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.“ confidence, optimism, public relations “Fireside chats” Eleanor Roosevelt “Brains Trust” Goals: “Three R’s” - relief, recovery, reform Roosevelt Delivering a Fireside Chat, 1935

8. FDR Holding a Press Conference, 1939

9. Eleanor Roosevelt visiting a West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933 (c) Bettmann/Corbis Eleanor Roosevelt visits West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

10. FIRST HUNDRED DAYS “Bank holiday” Emergency Banking Relief Act (Mar. 9) Beer-Wine Revenue Act (Mar. 22) Twenty-First Amendment (Nov. 1933) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (Mar. 31) Public Works Administration (FERA May 12) Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (May 18) Civilian Conservation Corps workers plant seedlings to reforest a section of forest destroyed by fire.

11. Roosevelt visits a Civilian Conservation Corps camp 1933

12. TVA

13. FIRST HUNDRED DAYS Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (May 12) National Recovery Administration (NRA) The National Industrial Recovery Act (June 16) Schechter v. U.S. (1935) Glass-Steagall Act (Banking Act of 1933 ) ( June 16) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Farm Credit Administration (June 16) Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (June 13)

14. ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS OF FDR’S “FIRST” NEW DEAL (late 1933-1934) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Dollar taken off gold standard

15. “THE NEW DEAL IN TRANSITION”: A “SECOND” NEW DEAL “Second New Deal” (1935 onward) Works Progress Administration (WPA) National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act) National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) Rural Electrification Administration (1935) Social Security Act (1935) WPA Artist Sketching WPA Construction Workers

16. CRITICS OF THE NEW DEAL American Liberty League Dr. Francis E. Townsend Father Charles E. Coughlin Senator Huey P. Long “Share Our Wealth” Plan Father Charles E. Coughlin Father Charles E. Coughlin (1891-1979) Senator Huey Long 1934

17. “Old Reliable” cartoon

18. “New Deal Remedies”

19. ELECTION OF 1936 - NATIONAL REFERENDUM ON THE NEW DEAL Alf Landon “constitutionally and with a balance budget” Assassination of Huey Long (Sept 1935) Union Party (Coughlin, Townsend & Long supporters) William Lemke Result: greatest landslide in US history FDR 61%, Landon 36 % (Maine and VT) Union Party received fewer than 900K votes new Democratic coalition: urban working classes Northern urban blacks Traditional progressives Southern rural whites

20. ELECTION OF 1936 - NATIONAL REFERENDUM ON THE NEW DEAL Alf Landon “constitutionally and with a balanced budget” Result: greatest landslide in US history FDR 61%, Landon 36 % (Maine and VT) new Democratic coalition: urban working classes Northern urban blacks Traditional progressives Southern rural whites

21. NEW DEAL IN DISARRAY “court-packing plan” (1937) results “Roosevelt Recession” (1937) Keynesian economics John Maynard Keynes ( 2 nd ) Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938) Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) national minimum wage Mandated 40 hour work week New Deal essentially at end: FDR blunders continued hard times Congressional opposition threat of world crisis Supreme Court, 1943 Unemployment, 1929-1942

22. NEW DEAL IN DISARRAY Gross National Product 1920-1940

23. NEW DEAL AND LABOR rise of labor unions in the 30s Wagner Act decline of welfare capitalism declining status of business leaders Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) industrial unionism worked to include blacks & other minorities John L. Lewis - United Mine Workers sit-down strike “Memorial Day Massacre” (1937) "Little Steel“ Revolution in lives of wage workers higher wages, shorter hours, paid vacations, insurance and unionization that enabled them to settle disputes and have a measure of job security Labor Union Membership, 1920-1992 Memorial Day Massacre, Chicago, 1937

24. LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL: Political and Economic Results Political: “broker state” increased power of the president Increased role of Federal government in society Party Realignment; Democratic coalition Economic: created the rudiments of the American welfare state aided the stabilization of the stock market and banking system established a power base for various disadvantaged groups to challenge the dominance of corporations

25. LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL: Social Results African Americans became strong supporters of Democratic party (but wages, unemployment) “black cabinet” Women Francis Perkins Eleanor Roosevelt American Indians Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 returned political authority to the tribes; tribal governments like city governments Ended Dawes allotment system; allowed collective land ownership (~ 4 million of the 90 million acres of Indian land lost under the allotment system returned to the tribes) John Collier – new BIA chief Pueblo Indians in the Indian Service School. Taos, New Mexico 1936 ( Library of Congress) Eleanor Roosevelt visiting George Washington Carver Hall, men's dormitory for Negroes in Washington, DC (Library of Congress)

26. LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL: Limits and Legacies positive interpretations Saved capitalism? reformed capitalism, offering protection to disadvantaged completed process of progressive reform, then moved in direction of modern liberalism accomplished as much as it could against conservative forces negative interpretations Failed to end Depression radical departure from progressive tradition lacked a central, guiding philosophy missed many opportunities to help those groups most in need of assistance Hindered economy’s recovery – market forces more efficient

27. Anti-Third Term Buttons, 1940

30. SOURCES Brinkley, American History: A Survey Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10e Wadsworth-Thompson http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank _US/1929_1939.html Library of Congress American Memory Project Rutgers Univ. Teaching Politics Image Bank http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/.html http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/.html Kennedy, American Pageant Kennedy, American Pageant 13e Nash, The American People Nash, The American People 6e; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html