1. AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE

2. Cultural Imperialism 1898: "Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip." This political cartoon shows the extent of U.S. domination (symbolized by a bald eagle stretching from Puerto Rico to the Philippines ).

3. Definitions Imperialism is the policy of extending the control or authority over foreign countries as a means of acquiring and/or maintaining an empire. Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another.

4. IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA Throughout the 19 th century America expanded control of the continent to the Pacific Ocean By 1880, many American leaders felt the U.S. should join European nations and establish colonies overseas Thus began America’s foray into Imperialism – the policy in which stronger nations extend control over weaker nations

5. WHY IMPERIALISM? Desire for Military strength Thirst for new markets – to spur economy & trade Belief in Cultural Superiority – a belief that Anglo-Saxons were superior

6. Early Imperialism and the United States 1846-1848 The Mexican-American War is often viewed as imperialistic 1898 Spanish American War, 1899-1913 Philippine- American War. In the Philippines, the U.S. killed more than 1 million people. Army General Shefter said: "It may be necessary to kill half of the Filipinos in order that the remaining half of the population may be advanced to a higher plane of life than their present semi-barbarous state affords." Latin America 1898-1998 The U.S. has invaded Cuba five times, Honduras four times, Panama four times, the Dominican Republic twice, Haiti twice, Nicaragua twice and Grenada once

7. THE U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million Some thought it was a silly idea and called it “Seward’s Icebox” Time has shown how smart it was to buy Alaska for 2 cents an acre Alaska is rich in timber, minerals, and oil Alaska

8. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 for the price of $7.2 million. Purchased by U.S. Secretary of State William Seward, many people criticized the move as “folly.”

9. U.S. TAKES HAWAII Hawaii had been economically important to Americans for centuries To avoid import taxes (tariffs), sugar growers pleaded for annexation The U.S. knew the value of the Islands – they had built a naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887 Led by Sanford Dole, American annexed Hawaii in 1898 and it formally became a state in 1959

10. The Annexation of Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani became the leader of Hawaii in 1891. She was overthrown by American planters because she wanted to limit their power. The U.S. eventually annexed the islands by 1898.

11. Arguments Pro and Con for Imperialism The Anti-Imperialist League was formed in the United States against the annexation of the Philippines. Among the writers of that time was Mark Twain, vice president of the League from 1901 until his death in 1910. Mark Twain wrote an essay entitled “To the Person Sitting in Darkness.” This essay sparked a nationwide controversy about a country controlling another country. Teddy Roosevelt and the Panama Canal. Now that America's empire stretched from the Caribbean across the Pacific, the idea of a canal between the two oceans took on new urgency. President Teddy Roosevelt embodies imperialism with his actions in digging the canal.

12. THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR America had long held an interest in Cuba When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in the late 19 th century, American sympathy went out to the Cuban people After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba in 1886, Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar Cuba is just 90 miles south of Florida

13. CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE Anti-Spain sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence Led by poet Jose Martí, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895 Martí deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention Marti

14. WAR FEVER ESCALATES Yellow Journalism Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in “Headline Wars” Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and Hearst escalating and instigating war between the U.S. and Spain

15. U.S.S MAINE EXPLODES Early in 1898, President McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba in order to bring home American citizens in danger On February 15, 1898 the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana, Cuba More than 260 men were killed Before After

16. The Maine Explodes Unknown artist, 1898 Notice the men flying dramatically through the air

17. WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN There was no holding back those that wanted war with Spain Newspapers blamed the Spanish for bombing the U.S.S. Maine (recent investigations have shown it was a fire inside the Maine) “Remember the Maine!” became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba

18. THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN A naval blockade of Cuba was followed by a land invasion highlighted by Roosevelt’s Rough Rider victory at San Juan Hill Next, the American Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet and paved the way for an invasion of Puerto Rico (Spanish colony)

19. ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERS Roosevelt grabbed national attention by advocating war with Spain in 1898 His volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough Riders, won public acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected governor of NY and later McKinley’s vice-president

20. Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

22. U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war” The war lasted only 16 weeks Cuba was now independent U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and “bought” the Philippines for $20 million Treaty of Paris, 1898

23. ACQUIRING NEW LANDS The U.S had to decide how to rule the new lands Puerto Rico wanted their independence– but the U.S. had other plans Puerto Rico was important to the U.S. strategically The U.S. set up a civil government, full citizenship, and a bicameral system Became U.S. Commonwealth

24. CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to Cuba The U.S signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment 1903 Key features of “Platt” included the right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs Cuba had become a “protectorate” of the U.S. Today the U.S. has a prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

25. THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES U.S. forces surprised Spain by attacking the Spanish colony of the Philippines 11,000 Americans joined forces with Filipino rebel leader Emilo Aguinaldo By August, 1898 Spain had surrendered to the U.S. after the Battle of Manila Bay. The U.S. annexed the Philippines after Spain ceded it to the U.S. The U.S. eventually granted the Philippines its independence in 1946.

26. FILIPINOS REBEL Filipinos reacted with rage to the American annexation Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vowed to fight for freedom and in 1899 he led a rebellion The 3-year war claimed 20,000 Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and $400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S. paid for the land) U.S. troops fire on rebels

27. FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA China was a vast potential market for American products Weakened by war and foreign intervention, many European countries had colonized in China In 1889, John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State, issued the Open Door Policy which outlined his plan for free trade among nations in China Foreign nations were opening the door to China’s trade

28. BOXER REBELLION European nations dominated China’s cities Resentment arose in the form of secret societies determined to rid China of these “foreign devils” The Boxer’s were a secret group that rioted in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign Foreign Troops were called in to put down this “Boxer Rebellion”

29. AMERICANS PROTECT RIGHTS IN ASIA After the Boxer Rebellion, John Hay again issued a series of Open Door Policies These policies reflected American beliefs in the importance of exports, the right of America to intervene to keep foreign markets open, and the belief that America’s survival depended on access to foreign markets

30. AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER Two events signaled America’s continued climb toward being the #1 world power 1) Roosevelt negotiated a settlement between Russia and Japan who had been at War – his successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize 2) Construction of Panama Canal The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually

31. THE PANAMA CANAL By the early 20 th century, many Americans understood the advantages of a canal through Panama The Panama Canal would greatly reduce travel times for commercial and military ships by providing a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans “The shortcut”

32. BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL 1904-1914 The French had already unsuccessfully attempted to build a canal through Panama America first had to help Panama win their independence from Colombia – which it did Construction of the Canal stands as one of the greatest engineering feats of all-time Cost- $380 million Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years

33. This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line (canal) cutting across the middle of Panama

34. Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the canal, which became sole property of Panama in the year 2000

35. The affects of cultural imperialism = cultural misunderstandings When Coca Cola was first marketed in China in the 1920's, the name was translated phonetically ("ke- kou-ke-la) to mean "female horse stuffed with wax" or "bite the wax tadpole" depending on the dialect. It was quickly revised to sound more like "happiness in the mouth."

36. An American baby food jar with a smiling baby on the label caused African villagers to be horrified. They thought that "the jar must contain food not made for babies, but made of babies."

37. Cultural misunderstandings Nike made a television ad promoting its shoes, with people from different countries saying "Just do it" in their native language. Too late they found out that a Samburu African tribesman was really saying, "I don't want these” Ford’s low cost truck the Fiera meant "ugly old woman" in Spanish. It's Caliente in Mexico was found to be slang for "streetwalker." The Pinto was introduced in Brazil under the name of Corcel which was discovered to be Portuguese slang for "a small male appendage."

38. Larger Repercussions When President George Bush went to Japan, he made explicit and direct demands on Japanese leaders. To the Japanese it is a sign of ignorance or desperation to lower oneself to make direct demands. Some analysts believe it severely damaged the negotiations and confirmed to the Japanese that Americans are barbarians

39. The Dark Side of Imperialism The dominant culture often imposes its beliefs, using force to back them up. One race, ethnicity, or group is often marginalized based on its identity. Imperial Side Affects: Violence, Enslavement, War, Genocide

40. Destroying Culture Cultural influence can be seen by the "receiving" culture as either a threat to or an enrichment. However, the dominant culture’s attitude is often that as a conquered nation, the conquered people are inferior. Edward Said has argued that in accumulating territories and peoples, empires classify them, verify them; but above all, they subordinate them.

41. Today will the Internet be another source of cultural imperialism? 90% of traffic worldwide on the Internet is in English Most information and entertainment products are produced by a few, increasingly powerful American companies American movies, television, and music are popular throughout the world. Many argue that these serve to indoctrinate populations with American values while at the same time destroying indigenous cultures

42. BUT…it can also be argued that... The Internet allows people to continue to participate in their "local" culture no matter where in the world they are. The Internet can be a tool for the preservation and celebration of culture.

43. Match the term in the second column with the description in the first column. Write the letter of your answer in the blank. ______ 1. The U.S. helped this country gain its freedom from Spain ______ 2. Land the U.S. purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million ______ 3. The idea of free trade in China ______ 4. Extending the control or authority over foreign countries as a means of acquiring and/or maintaining an empire. ______ 5. Country where the U.S. built a canal linking the Atlantic to the Pacific ______ 6. The practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another. ______ 7. A secret group rioted in China in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign ______ 8. The U.S.S. Maine blew up in the harbor of this country’s capital city ______ 9. Became a commonwealth of U.S. ______10. Land the U.S. annexed in 1898 a.Cuba b. Imperialism c. Alaska d.Boxer Rebellion e.Open Door Policy f.Panama g.The Philippines h.Hawaii i.Cultural Imperialism j.Puerto Rico America Claims an Empire Assessment