1. AMERICAN HISTORY CH. 16-3 THEODORE ROOSEVELT'S SQUARE DEAL

2. ROOSEVELT’S VIEW OF THE PRESIDENCY 1898—Roosevelt becomes Governor of New York NY Political machine opposed Roosevelt Roosevelt is nominated for Vice-President TAKING OFFICE 1901--President McKinley is assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz Roosevelt becomes President Youngest President ever – 42 years old Roosevelt was a hands-on leader, unlike previous Presidents

3. BULLY PULPIT—a powerful platform to publicize important issues and seek support for his policies Roosevelt brought new momentum to the Progressive movement THE COAL STRIKE OF 1902 150,000 PA coal miners struck for higher wages, shorter hours, and recognition of their union As winter approached, Roosevelt realized the importance of settling the strike

4. Roosevelt urged miners and owners to accept arbitration ARBITRATION—two sides allow a third-party to settle the dispute Workers agreed but owners refused Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines until the owners relented and agreed to arbitration plan Final Decision—shorter workday and higher pay but no recognition of the union Roosevelt pronounced the agreement a “square deal”

5. THE SQUARE DEAL Became Roosevelt’s campaign slogan in 1904 “Each person should get a square deal” because they are entitled to no more or no less The needs of workers, business, and consumers should be balanced Limit the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improve working conditions Roosevelt faced no opposition securing his party’s nomination He easily defeated his opponent, Judge Alton Parker (D-NY) in the general election

6. REGULATING BIG BUSINESS Big business was essential to economic growth, but companies should behave responsibly TRUST-BUSTING 1901—J.P. Morgan, James J. Hill, and E.H. Harriman joined their railroads together to eliminate competition Company called the Northern Securities Company 1902—Roosevelt directed the Attorney General to sue the Northern Securities Company for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act 1904—USSC ruled the monopoly did violate the law and ordered the company broken up

7. The ruling encouraged the administration to begin an aggressive trust-busting campaign Suits filed against those trusts that Roosevelt thought were bad for the American public REGULATING THE RAILROADS Railroads commonly granted rebates to their best companies Huge companies paid significantly less to ship products 1903—Elkins Act—prohibited railroads from accepting rebates All customers would pay the same rates

8. Hepburn Act of 1906 strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission ICC allowed to set maximum railroad rates and regulate other companies that were engaged in interstate commerce PROTECTING COMSUMERS Publics dismayed about practices of food and drug industries Food producers tricked the unknowing public into buy old or rotten food by saying it was fresh Drug companies sold medicines that didn’t work

9. Other companies marketed patent, or nonprescription, medicines containing dangerous narcotic drugs Dr. James’ Soothing Syrup—sooth babies’ teething pain Contained heroin Gowan’s Pneumonia Cure contained the addictive painkiller opium Meatpacking industry exposed by novelist Upton Sinclair’s book “The Jungle” Roosevelt directed the Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson to investigate

10. Wilson’s report was gruesome reading “We saw meat shoveled from filthy wooden floors, piled on tables rarely washed, pushed from room to room in rotten box carts. In all of which processes it [the meat] was in the way of gathering dirt, splinters, floor filth, and the expectoration [saliva] of tuberculous and other diseased workers” 1906—Congress jumps to action MEAT INSPECTION ACT—required federal inspection of meat shipped across state lines

11. PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT—forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and patent medicine containing harmful ingredients. Food and medicine containers had to carry accurate ingredient labels

12. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION Late 1800s—people thought the USA had an unlimited amount of natural resources Lumber companies cleared large tracts of land Farmers plowed up the great plains Mining companies clogged rivers and clutter land with refuse 1903—Roosevelt joined naturalist John Muir on a camping trip to Yosemite National Park, CA “Unfortunately God cannot save trees from fools”—J. Muir THE NEWLANDS RECLAMATION ACT of 1902 Allowed the federal government to create irrigation projects to make dry lands productive

13. The Roosevelt Administration launched 20+ reclamation projects GIFFORD PINCHOT was the first to use “conservation” “The conservation of natural resources is the key to the future.” 1905—U.S. Forest Service created with Pinchot as its chief 150+ million acres of forest land added to national forests The Antiquities Act of 1906—created 18 national monuments during these few years Environmental conservation is viewed as Roosevelt’s legacy THE END