1. 1 NDT OF CONCRETE

2. 2 CUBE TEST INDICATES ONLY POTENTIAL STRENGTH INDICATES ONLY POTENTIAL STRENGTH SUBJECT TO UNINTENTIONAL DEVIATIONS SUBJECT TO UNINTENTIONAL DEVIATIONS DELIBERATE DEVIATION ? DELIBERATE DEVIATION ? NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE STRUCTURE DUE TO PRESENCE OF STEEL, VOIDS, CRACKS & DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS NOT A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE STRUCTURE DUE TO PRESENCE OF STEEL, VOIDS, CRACKS & DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS CANNOT BE VERIFIED CANNOT BE VERIFIED CAN BE ONLY PERFORMED DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE CAN BE ONLY PERFORMED DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE

3. 3 N D T - OBJECTIVES TO ESTABLISH HOMOGENEITY OF CONC. TO ESTABLISH HOMOGENEITY OF CONC. COMPARISON OF CONCRETE QUALITY w.r.t. A STANDARD COMPARISON OF CONCRETE QUALITY w.r.t. A STANDARD DETECTION OF CRACKS, VOIDS/ OTHER IMPERFECTIONS DETECTION OF CRACKS, VOIDS/ OTHER IMPERFECTIONS MONITORING CHANGES IN CONCRETE WITH PASSAGE OF TIME MONITORING CHANGES IN CONCRETE WITH PASSAGE OF TIME TO ESTABLISH QUALITY OF ONE ELEMENT w.r.t. ANOTHER TO ESTABLISH QUALITY OF ONE ELEMENT w.r.t. ANOTHER

4. 4 N D T - OBJECTIVES ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING STRUCTURE FOR REHABILITATION PLANNING ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING STRUCTURE FOR REHABILITATION PLANNING AS AN ALTERNATIVE TESTING METHOD IF CUBE RESULTS RAISE DOUBTS ABOUT CONCRETE QUALITY (POST MORTEM) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TESTING METHOD IF CUBE RESULTS RAISE DOUBTS ABOUT CONCRETE QUALITY (POST MORTEM)

5. 5 N D T - METHODS VISUAL INSPECTION VISUAL INSPECTION REBOUND HAMMER REBOUND HAMMER ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY METER ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY METER PENETRATION RESISTANCE PENETRATION RESISTANCE PULL OUT STRENGTH PULL OUT STRENGTH COVER METER COVER METER CARBONATION DEPTH CARBONATION DEPTH CORROSION MAPPING CORROSION MAPPING MATURITY METER MATURITY METER PERMEABILITY TEST PERMEABILITY TEST RADIOGRAPHY RADIOGRAPHY

6. 6 REBOUND HAMMER MOST COMMON NDT METHOD MOST COMMON NDT METHOD DEVELOPED IN 1948 DEVELOPED IN 1948 MEASURES REBOUND HARDNESS OF CONCRETE MEASURES REBOUND HARDNESS OF CONCRETE NO THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP AVAILABLE FOR ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH NO THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP AVAILABLE FOR ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REBOUND HARDNESS AND STRENGTH DEVELOPED EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REBOUND HARDNESS AND STRENGTH DEVELOPED

7. 7 REBOUND HAMMER - GUIDELINES CONDUCT ON SMOOTH AND UNIFORM FACE CONDUCT ON SMOOTH AND UNIFORM FACE AVOID ROUGH SPOTS, HONEY COMBS AVOID ROUGH SPOTS, HONEY COMBS AVOID TROWELLED SURFACES AVOID TROWELLED SURFACES THIN SECTIONS (< 100 mm) SHOULD BE BACKED UP TO AVOID DEFLECTIONS THIN SECTIONS (< 100 mm) SHOULD BE BACKED UP TO AVOID DEFLECTIONS TAKE ATLEAST 15 REBOUND READINGS IN ANY ONE TEST TAKE ATLEAST 15 REBOUND READINGS IN ANY ONE TEST

8. 8 REBOUND HAMMER - GUIDELINES CALCULATE THE MEAN CALCULATE THE MEAN COMPARE DEVIATION OF READINGS FROM THE MEAN COMPARE DEVIATION OF READINGS FROM THE MEAN TEST IS CONSIDERED RELIABLE IF THE DEVIATION OF TEN READINGS IS NOT MORE THAN THE FOLLOWING: TEST IS CONSIDERED RELIABLE IF THE DEVIATION OF TEN READINGS IS NOT MORE THAN THE FOLLOWING: REBOUND VALUE153045 DEVIATION 2.533.5

9. 9 REBOUND HAMMER - GUIDELINES USE BEST 10 READINGS FOR CALCULATING THE MEAN USE BEST 10 READINGS FOR CALCULATING THE MEAN DETERMINE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BY REFERRING TO REBOUND NUMBER Vs STRENGTH CHARTS AGAINST THE MEAN VALUE DETERMINE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BY REFERRING TO REBOUND NUMBER Vs STRENGTH CHARTS AGAINST THE MEAN VALUE BEST ACCURACY ACHIEVEABLE IS WITHIN + 20% BEST ACCURACY ACHIEVEABLE IS WITHIN + 20%

10. 10 FACTORS AFFECTING REBOUND VALUE TYPE OF AGGREGATES TYPE OF AGGREGATES DEGREE OF COMPACTION DEGREE OF COMPACTION AGE OF CONCRETE AGE OF CONCRETE DRYNESS/WETNESS OF THE SURFACE DRYNESS/WETNESS OF THE SURFACE RIGIDITY OF THE MEMBER RIGIDITY OF THE MEMBER SURFACE FINISH OF CONCRETE- MOULDED/ TROWELED SURFACE FINISH OF CONCRETE- MOULDED/ TROWELED MAINTENANCE OF REBOUND HAMMER MAINTENANCE OF REBOUND HAMMER INCLINATION OF THE REBOUND HAMMER INCLINATION OF THE REBOUND HAMMER TYPE OF CEMENT TYPE OF CEMENT CARBONATION CARBONATION COVER COVER

11. 11 PULSE VELOCITY METHOD DEVELOPED IN 1940s DEVELOPED IN 1940s BASED UPON PROPOGATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES IN ELASTIC MEDIUM BASED UPON PROPOGATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES IN ELASTIC MEDIUM MEASURES VELOCITY OF PROPOGATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES MEASURES VELOCITY OF PROPOGATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES VELOCITY RELATED TO THE DENSITY OF THE MEDIUM V=(E/p) 1/2 VELOCITY RELATED TO THE DENSITY OF THE MEDIUM V=(E/p) 1/2 STRENGTH IS DEDUCED FROM THE DENSITY OF THE MEDIUM STRENGTH IS DEDUCED FROM THE DENSITY OF THE MEDIUM FREQUENCY OF WAVES USED - 20 - 150 kHz FREQUENCY OF WAVES USED - 20 - 150 kHz

12. 12 PULSE VELOCITY METHOD TYPES OF TESTING METHOD TYPES OF TESTING METHOD  DIRECT TRANSMISSION  SEMI DIRECT TRANSMISSION  SURFACE TRANSMISSION DIRECT TRANSMISSION METHOD IS THE BEST BUT IT REQUIRES ACCESS TO TWO OPPOSITE SIDES OF CONCRETE MEMBER DIRECT TRANSMISSION METHOD IS THE BEST BUT IT REQUIRES ACCESS TO TWO OPPOSITE SIDES OF CONCRETE MEMBER

13. 13 DIRECT TRANSMISSION TRANSMITTER RECEIVER

14. 14 SEMI DIRECT TRANSMISSION T R

15. 15 SURFACE TRANSMISSION T R

16. 16 PULSE VELOCITY RATINGS

17. 17 FACTORS AFFECTING PULSE VELOCITY DEGREE OF COUPLING DEGREE OF COUPLING PRESENCE OF REINFORCEMENT PRESENCE OF REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE TEMPERATURE CONCRETE TEMPERATURE MOISTURE CONTENT MOISTURE CONTENT MIX PROPORTION MIX PROPORTION AGE OF CONCRETE AGE OF CONCRETE STRESS LEVEL IN CONCRETE STRESS LEVEL IN CONCRETE CONCRETE STRENGTH CAN BE PREDICTED WITHIN + 20% PROVIDED CALIBRATION CURVE IS ESTABLISHED CONCRETE STRENGTH CAN BE PREDICTED WITHIN + 20% PROVIDED CALIBRATION CURVE IS ESTABLISHED

18. 18 APPLICATIONS OF PULSE VELOCITY METHOD MAIN APPLICATION FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE UNIFORMITY MAIN APPLICATION FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE UNIFORMITY TO ESTABLISH AREAS OF DETERIORATED CONCRETE TO ESTABLISH AREAS OF DETERIORATED CONCRETE DETECTION OF CRACKS DETECTION OF CRACKS CALCULATION OF DYNAMIC YOUNG’S MODULUS CALCULATION OF DYNAMIC YOUNG’S MODULUS

19. 19 COVER METER COVER IS A VERY IMPORTANT PARAMETER DICTATING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE COVER IS A VERY IMPORTANT PARAMETER DICTATING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE COVER PROVIDED IS INADEQUATE MORE OFTEN THAN NOT COVER PROVIDED IS INADEQUATE MORE OFTEN THAN NOT CONVENTIONALLY PROVISION OF COVER IS CHECKED PRIOR TO CONCRETING CONVENTIONALLY PROVISION OF COVER IS CHECKED PRIOR TO CONCRETING POST FACTO ASSESSMENT OF COVER IS POSSIBLE THROUGH COVER METERS POST FACTO ASSESSMENT OF COVER IS POSSIBLE THROUGH COVER METERS

20. 20 COVER METER BASED ON MAGNETIC PRINCIPLE BASED ON MAGNETIC PRINCIPLE RANGE OF MEASUREMENT POSSIBLE IS 0-75 mm RANGE OF MEASUREMENT POSSIBLE IS 0-75 mm ACCURACY WITHIN 6 mm ACCURACY WITHIN 6 mm NOT VERY EFFECTIVE IN HEAVILY REINFORCED MEMBERS OR MEMBERS WITH SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT NOT VERY EFFECTIVE IN HEAVILY REINFORCED MEMBERS OR MEMBERS WITH SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT SIZE OF THE REINFORCEMENT BAR IS REQUIRED TO BE KNOWN FOR ACCURATE ASSESSMENT OF COVER SIZE OF THE REINFORCEMENT BAR IS REQUIRED TO BE KNOWN FOR ACCURATE ASSESSMENT OF COVER

21. 21 APPLICATION OF COVER METER REHABILITATION PLANNING REHABILITATION PLANNING ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL TIME TILL INITIATION OF CORROSION ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL TIME TILL INITIATION OF CORROSION TO IMPROVE QUALITY CONTROL DURING CONSTRUCTION TO IMPROVE QUALITY CONTROL DURING CONSTRUCTION IDENTIFICATION OF LOCATION OF REINFORCEMENT BAR WITH THE FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS IDENTIFICATION OF LOCATION OF REINFORCEMENT BAR WITH THE FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS HELPS IN AVOIDING DRILLING INTO THE REINFORCEMENT HELPS IN AVOIDING DRILLING INTO THE REINFORCEMENT TO AVOID REINFORCEMENT IN PULSE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS TO AVOID REINFORCEMENT IN PULSE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

22. 22 CARBONATION DEPTH CARBONATION IS CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN Ca (OH) 2 AND CO 2 OF THE ATMOSPHERE CARBONATION IS CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN Ca (OH) 2 AND CO 2 OF THE ATMOSPHERE CARBONATION DESTROYS PASSIVE PROTECTION PROVIDED BY CONCRETE TO THE REINFORCEMENT CARBONATION DESTROYS PASSIVE PROTECTION PROVIDED BY CONCRETE TO THE REINFORCEMENT CARBONATION PROCEEDS FROM THE SURFACE INTO THE CONCRETE CARBONATION PROCEEDS FROM THE SURFACE INTO THE CONCRETE WHEN DEPTH OF CARBONATION EQUALS CONCRETE COVER REINFORCEMENT CORROSION IS IMMINENT WHEN DEPTH OF CARBONATION EQUALS CONCRETE COVER REINFORCEMENT CORROSION IS IMMINENT

23. 23 CARBONATION DEPTH METHOD OF ASSESSMENT METHOD OF ASSESSMENT DRILL INTO CONCRETE DRILL INTO CONCRETE SPRAY PHENOLPHTHALEIN SOLUTION SPRAY PHENOLPHTHALEIN SOLUTION UNCARBONATED CONCRETE WILL SHOW BRIGTH PINK STAIN UNCARBONATED CONCRETE WILL SHOW BRIGTH PINK STAIN CARBONATED CONCRETE WILL NOT CHANGE COLOUR CARBONATED CONCRETE WILL NOT CHANGE COLOUR WITH THE ABOVE VISUAL INDICATION DEPTH OF CARBONATION CAN BE EASILY MEASURED WITH THE ABOVE VISUAL INDICATION DEPTH OF CARBONATION CAN BE EASILY MEASURED

24. 24 LIMITATIONS OF N D T ALL NDT METHODS ARE INDIRECT ALL NDT METHODS ARE INDIRECT CORELATION BETWEEN MEASURED PARAMETER AND CONCRETE STRENGTH IS NEVER EXACT. CORELATION BETWEEN MEASURED PARAMETER AND CONCRETE STRENGTH IS NEVER EXACT. EFFECTIVENESS OF NDT REDUCES WITH HETEROGENEITY OF THE MATERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF NDT REDUCES WITH HETEROGENEITY OF THE MATERIAL RESULTS ARE DEPENDENT ON TOO MANY PARAMETERS RESULTS ARE DEPENDENT ON TOO MANY PARAMETERS NORMALLY ACHIEVEABLE LEVEL OF ACCURACY IS + 25% NORMALLY ACHIEVEABLE LEVEL OF ACCURACY IS + 25% INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS REQUIRE INTUITIVE JUDGEMENT INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS REQUIRE INTUITIVE JUDGEMENT

25. 25 THANKS