1. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 1 Advanced Power Plant Control - Hydroelectric For improved stability, improved LFC performance in interconnected or island operating mode, using non-linear model reference governor control technology. APPC - Hydroelectric control algorithm implemented in a modern DCS/PLC. Interconnected (Power) and Island (Frequency) Control Modes. Performance analysis toolkit and engineering services. National Instruments cRIO subsystem for the measurement of Power and Frequency. Hydroelectric Power Plant Simulator. Simulator-based Installation and Testing. Multi-Generator Site Optimization algorithm.

2. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 2 Advanced Power Plant Control for the following energy sources Hydroelectric Fossil Biomass/Solid Waste/Cogeneration Nuclear Wind Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

3. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 3 APPC Hydro vs. Classic Control AGC-LFC Performance Comparison APPC Hydroelectric Classic Control AGC (Power) Requirement: 90% -> 40% in 10 seconds 40% for 10 seconds 40% -> 90% in 10 seconds Power Rotor Frequency Turbine Head Gate Positioner APPC achieves the required AGC performance performance error = ∫ | e | dt = 0.8 pu-sec Classic Control does not achieve the required AGC performance performance error = ∫ | e | dt = 4.0 pu-sec

4. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 4 APPC Hydro vs. Classic Control AGC-LFC Performance Comparison APPC Hydroelectric Classic Control AGC (Power) Requirement: 10 second interval pulse train as shown Power Rotor Frequency Turbine Head Gate Positioner APPC achieves the required AGC performance performance error = ∫ | e | dt = 0.3 pu-sec Classic Control does not achieve the required AGC performance performance error = ∫ | e | dt = 6.25 pu-sec

5. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 5 Technical Description APPC - Hydroelectric 1. Hydroelectric Power Plant Modeling and Simulation 2. APPC - Hydroelectric discrete-time, non-linear model reference control algorithm 3. APPC - Hydro simulated Interconnected (Power) Mode Performance 4. APPC - Hydro simulated Island (Frequency) Mode Performance 5. Project Activities 6. Simulator-based Installation and Testing Approach 7. Design of Hydroelectric Power Plant Performance Tests 8. Performance Analysis Toolkit 9. NI cRIO-based Power-Frequency Measurement and Power Generation Observer 10. Gate Positioner Response Analysis 11. Turbine Characteristic Curves 12. Generator Dynamic Response 13. Island Mode Response Test 14. National Instruments cRIO Configurations

6. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 6 APPC - Hydroelectric: Modeling Tunnel: d/dt U c = (H 0 + Z c - H s - f 2 U c 2 ) / T wc Surge Tank: d/dt Z s = ( U c - U t ) / T s H s = Z s + f 0 |U s | U s Penstock: d/dt U t = (r(H s + Z p ) - H t - f 1 U t 2 ) / T wp Gate Positioner: d/dt G P = ( U P - G P ) / T g G = hysteresis(G P ) Turbine: H t* = (U t / g 1 (G)) 2 P m = U t H t* g 2 (G) = H t* 1.5 g 3 (G) Generator (interconnected mode) : d/dt ω r = ( P m - P emax (sin δ r + α sin2 δ r ) - D e (ω r - ω G ) ) / 2 H d/dt δ r = ω 0 (ω r - ω G ) Generator (island mode) : d/dt ∆ω r = ( P m - P e0 - D L ∆ω r ) / 2 H ∆ω r = ω r - ω rset T wc (5 - 50 s) T s (100 - 1000 s) T wp (0.4 - 2.0 s) T g (0.2 - 0.5 s) f 0 (0.1 - 0.2) f 1 (0.01 - 0.04) f 2 (0.04 - 0.1) H (2 - 10 s) P max (1.5 - 3) D e (10 - 30) D L (0.5 – 1.5)

7. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 7 Wicket Gate - Turbine - Generator Model ωrωr 1/2Hs δ D ωGωG P o ( sin( δ ) + α sin(2 δ ) ) - + + + - + PmPm PdPd PePe H t* ( ) 1.5 g 3 ( ) G GpGp UpUp 1 1 + T P s ωrωr 1/2Hs DLDL ω0ω0 - + + + - + PmPm P e0 H t* ( ) 1.5 g 3 ( ) G GpGp UpUp 1 1 + T P s interconnected mode: island mode: loop output - - positioner - - gate - - - - turbine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - generator ω 0 /s

8. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 8 Discrete-time Non-linear Model Reference Control P e (j) P e set (j) ÷ Hydroelectric Model Reference Predictor H t* 1.5 (j+1) H t* (t) g 3 -1 () G u (t) Smoother Hysteresis Compensator G u (j) G(j) P(j) Power Control Algorithm ω r (j) ω r set Frequency Control Algorithm Mode Selector ω r (t) AGC operator ~ 5 seconds Blade Hysteresis Compensator Smoother B u (t) B u (j) B(j) (with variable pitch blades) g 4 () Filter/ Sampler ω r (t) Power Generation Observer P e (t) interconnected mode island mode adaptive discrete time step size event driven

9. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 9 Classic Control - Load Frequency Control (conceptual) + UpUp ω rset ωrωr - 1Rp1Rp + + load τ R S + 1 (R T /R p ) τ R S + 1 droop, R p = 0.05 transient, R T = 0.38 reset, τ R = 1 s, interconnected = 5 s, island mode filter deadband rate limits limits deadband rate limits limits deadband

10. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 10 APPC - Hydroelectric - Interconnected Mode Performance (moderate variation of AGC load allocation)

11. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 11 APPC - Hydroelectric - Interconnected Mode Performance (fast variation of AGC load allocation)

12. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 12 APPC - Hydroelectric - Island Mode Performance (external AGC triggered at 2% overgenerated)

13. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 13 Performance Analysis and Engineering Services For Francis, Kaplan, Pelton turbines, surge tanks, and with modern DCS/PLCs. Analysis 1.Data Acquisition System setup, interfacing to PLC, programming in PLC. 2.Power-Frequency measurement, signal analysis and filtering. 3.Analysis, modeling, and simulation of the tunnel, surge tank, and penstock. 4.Analysis, modeling, simulation of the governor system. 5.Design of the Performance Tests. Testing 6.Testing for the penstock water hammer dynamics. 7.Testing for the wicket gate and blade pitch positioner hysteresis and response. 8.Testing for the characteristic curves for the turbine flow, power, and efficiency. 9.Testing for the generator dynamic response. 10. Baseline Performance monitoring and analysis for interconnected and island operation. Simulator 11. Configuration for the Hydroelectric site and the APPC control algorithms. 12. Comparative simulation performance analysis of existing and APPC control algorithms. 13. Integration of the Hydroelectric Power Plant Simulator at the site. Installation of the APPC control algorithms in the DCS/PLC 14. Parallel control loop block, bumpless transfer switch. 15. Function Block Configuration and or Structured Text Programming. Simulator-based testing. Performance Trials and Acceptance Testing 16. Interconnected Mode - load following response. 17. Island Mode - frequency control response, and or simulated island operation.

14. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 14 Simulator-based Installation and Testing DCS /PLC existing control loop Hydroelectric Power Plant Simulator Turbine Head Turbine Flow Rotor Frequency Electric Power Gate Positioner Turbine Head Turbine Flow Rotor Frequency Electric Power Turbine Head Turbine Flow Rotor Frequency Electric Power (PGO) Gate Positioner Grid Frequency Gate Positioner APPC control loop NI DAQ / PAC Subsystem Electric Power (PGO) Rotor Frequency Generator 3 Phase Voltages Generator 3 Phase Currents

15. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 15 Performance Analysis Toolkit High Speed NI-DAQSignal Processing and FilteringTime Series Analysis Fourier Analysis Power Spectral Analysis

16. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 16 Power and Frequency Measurement - Power Generation Observer

17. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 17 Gate Positioner Step Input Analysis Step Input without conditioning Step Input with conditioning

18. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 18 Identification - Gate Positioner Hysteresis

19. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 19 Characteristic Curves - Flow, Power, and Efficiency

20. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 20 Island Mode Response Testing (0.02 pu load reduction) 2H = 11.4 s 0.02 pu D L = 1

21. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 21 National Instruments cRIO Controller Power and Frequency Measurement Configuration NI cRIO Controller with LabVIEW- IEC 1131 Software Rotor Frequency Phase 1 Voltage Phase 1 Current Phase 2 Voltage Phase 2 Current Phase 3 Voltage Phase 3 Current Power Generation Rotor Frequency

22. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 22 National Instruments cRIO Controller Identification Configuration NI cRIO Controller with LabVIEW- IEC 1131 Software Rotor Frequency Phase 1 Voltage Phase 1 Current Phase 2 Voltage Phase 2 Current Phase 3 Voltage Phase 3 Current Turbine Head Turbine Flow Gate Positioner Output Power Generation Rotor Frequency Gate Positioner Input PC with APPC - Hydroelectric Software

23. CIMExcel Software Inc. Slide 23 National Instruments cRIO Controller Simulator Configuration NI cRIO Controller with LabVIEW- IEC 1131 Software Phase 1 Voltage Phase 1 Current Phase 2 Voltage Phase 2 Current Phase 3 Voltage Phase 3 Current Gate Positioner Output* Power Generation Rotor Frequency Turbine Head PC with APPC - Hydroelectric Software Power Generation Rotor Frequency Turbine Head Grid Frequency Gate Positioner Output*