1. Page 1 Presentation on E-Waste Management By Prayakarrao Sukanya M.Tech I st year Environmental Engineering

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4. Page 4 This multi-headed e-waste monster has many sides. Telecommunication Waste: Mobile phones, Telephones, Telephone exchanges Wireless Equipment cables and related scrap material Electrical Waste: Switches, Relays, Connectors and related Scrap Material. Electronic Waste: Electronic – metal waste, Printed Circuit Boards, E – Equipment and Machinery, IC, Sockets Connectors. Cable Waste: PVC, Pre Insulated Copper and Aluminum Cable waste. Chemical Waste: Chemical Sludge and Residue.

5. Page 5 E-waste in India As per IRG report, India generates about 1,46,180 tons of E- waste every year. This is contributed by both house holds and corporate houses. E-waste in USA  Between 1997 and 2007, nearly 500 million personal computers will be obsolete-almost two computers for each person.  750,000 computers expected to end up in landfills this year alone.

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8. Page 8 E-Waste?? Electronic products often contain hazardous and toxic materials that pose environmental risks if they are land filled or incinerated. Televisions, video and computer monitors use cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which have significant amounts of lead. Printed circuit boards contain primarily plastic and copper, and most have small amounts of chromium, lead solder, nickel, and zinc. In addition, many electronic products have batteries that often contain nickel, cadmium, and other heavy metals. Relays and switches in electronics, especially older ones, may contain mercury. Also, capacitors in some types of older and larger equipment that is now entering the waste stream may contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Electronics contain heavy metals, and Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) found in computer monitors and televisions may contain up to 8 lbs of hazardous lead

9. Page 9  Reuse is the environmentally preferable option by extending the life of old equipments that defers the pollution and resource consumption associated with in making new products.  Reuse provides opportunity, to the underprivileged who cannot afford or have no access to electronic equipment, at reduced or no cost.  Electronic equipments which commercially & practically not good for reuse or is broken beyond repair, may be sent for disassembly i.e. salvaging parts, and selling reclaimed materials like ferrous, non ferrous, plastic, glass.

10. Page 10  Several electronic equipment, such as computers, monitors, printers, and scanners, contain materials suitable for reclamation and use in new products. These may include plastic, glass, steel, aluminum, copper, gold, silver, and other metals.

11. Page 11 E-waste management & recycling We understand the process of managing E-waste and its recycling Equipment refurbishment and resale.  De-manufacturing and disassembly.  Recovery of valuable components.  Hazardous and base metal recovery.  Hazardous component management and environment friendly disposal

12. Page 12 Extensive manual dismantling and crude recycling methods are allocated in the informal sector in comparison to the highly automated processes in well-developed formal sectors for recycling. Examples of such crude techniques worth mentioning are: (1) Physical dismantling by using tools such as hammers, chisels, screw drivers and bare hands to separate different materials (Puckett et al., 2002; Wen et al., 2006). (2) Removing components from printed circuit boards by heating over coal-fired grills (Puckett et al., 2002). (3) Stripping of metals in open-pit acid baths to recover gold and other metals (Wong et al., 2007).

13. Page 13 (4) Chipping and melting plastics without proper ventilation (Wong et al., 2007). (5) Burning cables to recover copper, and burning unwanted materials in open air (Wong et al., 2007). (6) Disposing unsalvageable materials in fields and riverbanks (Huo et al., 2007). (7) Refilling of toner cartridges (Puckett et al., 2002).

14. Page 14 E-Waste Management Flow Chart

15. Page 15 Recycling scenario Tests for REUSE? Takes useful COMPONENTS. Ferrous metals sold to metal dealers. Precious metals are recovered in a very dangerous and hazardous manner Rest goes to land filling / water filling- disturbs ecological equilibrium What NEXT?

16. Page 16 Recycling workers manually dismantle most electronic equipment and sort out valuable commodities that are sold to various recyclers. CRTs ready to be "crushed" for recycling. HMR accumulates quantities like this each week.

17. Page 17 The CRT crusher is completely self-contained in a transportable shipping container. Crushed CRT glass, coated with lead, ready for processing by a lead smelter.

18. Page 18 Other components from electronics are separated and sold as commodities to various recyclers.

19. Page 19 Printed Circuit Boards Circuit boards are sent to ISO 14001 (Environmental Management) accredited companies. Here they can be processed in specialised smelters to recover non renewable resources such as copper, gold, silver, palladium and other precious metals. Hard Drives Hard drives, in whole and shredded form, are sent to an aluminium foundry for processing into aluminium ingots. The majority of aluminium ingots are used within the automotive industry. Toner and Ink Cartridges Toner and Ink cartridges are packaged in a sealed box and returned to industry recyclers. Some will be remanufactured into new cartridges, and the remainder that can’t be remanufactured will be separated into plastic and metal and returned to the recycle chain as raw materials.

20. Page 20 Batteries Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Metal Hydride & Lithium Ion batteries are sent, under our recycling partners special export permit, to SNAM (Société Nouvelle D’affinage Des Métaux) a French based company who meets the European Union’s strict environmental standards. The material is hulled to remove excess plastic, and then the metals placed in special smelter pots to recover cobalt, cadmium, nickel and steel for reuse in a range of areas such as battery production and stainless steel fabrication. CD ROMs, Sound & Memory cards For copyright and security reasons these products are shredded before being sent to plastic and metal recyclers.

21. Page 21 Benefits From recycling 100% landfill diversion Recovery of raw materials from e-waste Use of domestic markets for recycled raw materials Competitive pricing for recycling services Arrangements for collection and removal of equipment from your premises Advice on how best to package waste for most secure and economical transportation On site visit to evaluate customer needs Assistance with special waste collection days

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23. Page 23 Case study: This article is proposing an outsourcing model where equal participation of the formal and non-formal sector is ensured to make the e-waste management business a profitable one. The main motivation for non-formal operators is to extract precious metals (gold, silver) from printed circuit board (PCB) using unscientific and unhygienic methods, which are harmful to the workers and the environment. The 95-97% of the e-waste by weight contains metal, glass and plastics, which can easily be dissembled and segregated manually without damaging environment. Whereas, the rest 3-5% by weight of e-waste actually consists of PCBs/connectors, need environmentally friendly recycling techniques to manage.

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26. Page 26 Results

27. Page 27 E Cycle Recovery will NOT: Place your equipment in landfill Refurbish, sell or give away your items Ship to where it may be processed under poor health and safety conditions. UMICORE-Belgium One of the largest refineries for precious metals HAMOS- Germany One of the largest machinery suppliers for recycling RECYCLENET- USA Largest online trading platform for used electronic equipment.

28. Page 28 References A report on “Managing Electronics Waste (2007). Dumping old TV, First read the rule”, The Hindustan Times, New Delhi Edition,, 15 October, p.1 http://www.industelegraph.com/story/2005/9/2/33438/ 17285. http://www.industelegraph.com/story/2005/9/2/33438/ S. Chatterjee and Krishna Kumar (2009). “Effective electronic waste management and recycling process involving formal and non-formal sectors” Gao Z, Li J, Zhang HC (2004). Electronics and the Environment, IEEE International Symposium pp.234-241. Informal electronic waste recycling: A sector review with special focus on China Xinwen Chi a, ⇑, Martin Streicher-Porte b, Mark Y.L. Wang a, Markus A. Reuter c Contribution to resource conservation by reuse of electrical and electronic household appliances Nina Truttm nn, Helmut Rechberger. Science direct Internet Google

29. Page 29 Thank you