1. Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition Chapter 13 Corrections in the Community

2. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 2 Community corrections in context Prisons work only in a limited and partial manner.

3. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 3 Community corrections in context The criminal justice system has multiple goals …  Incapacitation  Retribution  Rehabilitation

4. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 4 CrossCurrents Community corrections in context Probation and Parole: Controversial Issues The release of nonviolent offenders, charging probationers the costs of their supervision, and assessing fees for criminal justice services are efforts to reduce prison crowding as well as criminal justice costs.

5. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 5 Diversion  Offenders may be diverted to alternative programs at a number of points in the criminal justice system.  Diversion programs limit the number of people who enter the criminal justice system.

6. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 6 Probation  Probationers outnumber parolees.  Probation is a widely used sentencing alternative because it accomplishes several positive outcomes.

7. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 7 Probation State probationers outnumber federal probationers.

8. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 8 Probation Probation officers at work  Investigation  Supervision  Service

9. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 9 Probation officers at work Presentence investigation The probation officer collects information about two important aspects of the case …  Legal history  Social history

10. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 10 Probation officers at work Supervision  A form of punishment  A form of surveillance  Intensive supervision probation is used for dangerous offenders.

11. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 11 Probation officers at work Service Impediments include …  High caseloads  Uncooperative offenders  Sparse resources

12. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 12 Probation Private probation Many states find it difficult to provide enough officers to adequately supervise everyone on probation. Private probation–A form of probation supervision that is contracted to for-profit private agencies by the state.

13. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 13 Probation Private probation Advantages Cost Effectiveness Public perception Disadvantages Staff qualifications Profit motive Ethical concerns Social-class bias

14. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 14 Parole Differences between parole & probation  Probation instead, parole after  Governing authority  Parolees & probationers are different  Probation & parole officers have different jobs

15. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 15 Parole State parolees outnumber federal parolees.

16. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 16 Parole When to parole Three competing issues …  How much time should inmates spend in prison?  The rehabilitation issue  Limited number of prison beds

17. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 17 Parole decisions are based on …  Time served  Prison adjustment  Pre-parole plan  Inmate interview  Victim-impact statements Parole When to parole

18. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 18 Parole Re-entry and "Making It" About as many inmates successfully complete parole as return to prison.

19. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 19 Obstacles to successful re-entry  Prisonization  Weakened social ties  Stigmatization Parole Re-entry and "Making It"

20. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 20 Intermediate sanctions  Intensive supervision probation  Drug testing  House arrest and electronic monitoring  Fines  Boot camp prisons  Shock probation

21. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 21 Intermediate sanctions Intensive supervision probation Probation officers assigned to the most problematic offenders have small caseloads and more frequent contact with clients.

22. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 22 Intermediate sanctions Drug testing Probation and parole are conditional- release practices, and drug testing is usually one of the conditions.

23. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 23 Intermediate sanctions House arrest & electronic monitoring Allows offenders to maintain family ties, work, take advantage of community resources, and save the state the cost of incarceration.

24. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 24 Intermediate sanctions Fines Fines are often used in conjunction with other types of sanctions, such as short periods of incarceration. They also have many advantages as a criminal sanction.

25. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 25 Intermediate sanctions Boot camp prisons Designed to address a number of issues …  Identity  Discipline  Cost  Punishment

26. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 26 Intermediate sanctions Shock probation The offender receives a bogus incarceration sentence. After a few weeks of incarceration, the sentence is converted to probation.

27. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 27 Jails A fundamental component of the corrections system, jails are a vital and crucial institution.

28. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 28 Jails  Control of the jail can often be a political issue.  How the jail is placed organizationally can have a major effect on how it is funded, who is detained there, and the quality of justice.

29. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 29 Serve two major functions …  Hold suspects who have been arrested and are awaiting disposition  Confine misdemeanor offenders Jails

30. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 30 Questions What are the three primary goals of the criminal justice system? What are the three main responsibilities of the probation/parole officer? What two major functions do jails serve?