1. 1 COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES Chris Uggen University of Minnesota With Sarah Shannon and Suzy McElrath

2. 2 consequences of consequences social facts and social choices – numbers and pictures – justice and public safety – opportunity “America’s Criminal Class” – defined by punishment and relation between individual and state, not offending – “ex-prison” v. “ex-felon” v. “low-level” distinction consequences have consequences – political and civic life – work and markets – personal and community health 10/19/12 Uggen2

3. 3 VISUALIZING PUNISHMENT (W/ SARAH SHANNON) Part I 10/19/12 Uggen3

4. 4 1. Prisoners Incarceration in global perspective 10/19/12 Uggen4

5. 5 2. “felons” current: 4.2 million – current prison, parole, felony probation, convicted felony jail population – 1.8% of adult voting age population – 5.0% of African American adults (decline) ex: 16.2 million – 6.9% of adults – 18.2% of African American adults total: 20.4 million in 2010 – 8.7% of adult population – 23% of African American adults – 33%+ of African American adult males 10/19/12 Uggen5

6. 6 growth of felons and ex-felons, 1948-2010 10/19/12 Uggen6

7. 7 1980 ex-felons 10/19/12 Uggen7

8. 8 2010 ex-felons 10/19/12 Uggen8

9. 9 1980 African American ex-felons 10/19/12 Uggen9

10. 10 2010 African American ex-felons 10/19/12 Uggen10

11. 11 2010 African American “current” felons 10/19/12 Uggen11

12. 12 Part II COLLATERAL SANCTIONS AS DIRTY BOMBS 10/19/12 Uggen12

13. 13 collateral consequences (Ewald & Uggen 2012) Socioeconomic – Occupational licensure (character+) – Public employment – Pell grants (drug) – Public assistance (drug) – Driver’s licenses (drug) Family – Public housing (drug; sex) – Parental rights – Divorce Civic – Voting – Juror – Military – Internet record – Deportation 10/19/12 Uggen13

14. 14 “dirty bomb” analogy Weapons of mass disruption – Conventional punishment, plus a small amount of radioactive material – Induces fear and panic, contaminates broadly, and necessitates massive cleanup Pare back egregious (e.g., lifetime bans) – Like addressing radiation sickness, but not water contamination or building safety – Padilla v. Kentucky (2010); integral, not “collateral” Utopian – impose at sentencing on individual, crime-specific basis – retain “checklist” 10/19/12 Uggen14

15. 15 how many are disenfranchised? 10/19/12 Uggen15

16. 16 who is disenfranchised? 10/19/12 Uggen16

17. 17 where are the disenfranchised? 10/19/12 Uggen17

18. 18 the picture in 1980 10/19/12 Uggen18

19. 19 2010 cartogram 10/19/12 Uggen19

20. 20 African American Disenfranchisement, 1980 10/19/12 Uggen20

21. 21 African American Disenfranchisement, 2010 10/19/12 Uggen21

22. 22 reforms 1997-2010 9 states repealed or scaled back lifetime bans 2 states (Connecticut and Rhode Island) extended voting rights to persons under probation or parole supervision 8 states eased restoration process after completion of sentence ---------------------------------------------- 800,000 citizens regained voting rights 10/19/12 Uggen22

23. 23 in Oregon, voting probationers and parolees have significantly lower recidivism rates 10/19/12 Uggen23

24. 24 COMMUNITY SPILLOVER Part III 10/19/12 Uggen24

25. 25 effects on elections Potential impact of 5.85 million disenfranchised: – 7 U.S. Senate seats [VA, TX, KY, FL, GA, KY, FL +/- WY] – 2 Presidential elections – Shifts debate on other issues 10/19/12 Uggen25

26. 26 public assistance bans (with Thompson and Western) 10/19/12 Uggen26

27. 27 10/19/12 Uggen27

28. 28 10/19/12 Uggen28

29. 29 deportation (with King and Massoglia) 10/19/12 Uggen29

30. 30 criminal deportation & unemployment 10/19/12 Uggen30

31. 31 health effects Prison effects on community health depend on prison care – public health benefit where prisons are testing and treating (TB, syphilis) – continuity of care after release Spillover effects on community – diminished access to care – less access to specialists – reduced physician trust – less satisfaction with care 10/19/12 Uggen31

32. 32 CLEAN UP LOW-LEVEL GARBAGE CASES Part IV 10/19/12 Uggen32

33. 33 low-level arrest annual arrest v. imprisonment rate per 1000, Minnesota 2007 10/19/12 Uggen33

34. 34 10/19/12 Uggen34

35. 35 our moment proliferation of low-level “records” – big change in dissemination and use – at least half of employers routinely checking do employers really care about 3- year old disorderly conduct arrests? – Yes – run screaming from any negative signal – No – too commonplace and/or honesty effect should we “ban the box”? – threshold (arrest v. conviction) – severity (misdemeanor v. felony) – duration (7 years v. life) 10/19/12 Uggen35

36. 36 callbacks by race and record 10/19/12 Uggen36

37. 37 modest but measurable low-level arrest w/o charge or conviction – employers attend to the lowest-level records: 4% difference; not disqualifying – personal contact swamps other predictors expungement as partial relief – burdensome and costly process real utopia? – introducing record at “finalist” stage (MN) – avoiding records in first place; new social welfare and community service institutions 10/19/12 Uggen37

38. 38 arrest and feeling on time (MN 30-year-olds) 10/19/12 Uggen38

39. 39 10/19/12 Uggen39

40. 40 Part V “CONSEQUENCING” SMARTER

41. 41 easier said than done Focused and effective response to crime 1.Reserve prison beds for those who need to be in prison, when they need to be in prison 2.Reduce the scope and number of unnecessary collateral sanctions 3.Redirect low-level offenses away from criminal justice system Reintegration – from prison, to community corrections, to taxpaying citizen in good standing 10/19/12 Uggen41

42. 42 10/19/12 Uggen42

43. 43 10/19/12 Uggen43

44. 44 supplemental 10/19/12 Uggen44

45. 45 pragmatic note JQ Wilson critique – When social scientists were asked for advice by national policy-making bodies they could not respond with suggestions derived from and supported by their scholarly work. getting our hands dirty – need knowledge and sophistication about how the criminal justice system actually works: health impact – capacity to imagine and enact alternatives identifying real models – Documentation is fine, but… we need clear-headed, rigorous, viable answers 10/19/12 Uggen45

46. 46 growth of people “on paper” 10/19/12 Uggen46