1. Identity-Based Cryptography for Grid Security Hoon Wei Lim Information Security Group Royal Holloway, University of London (Joint work with Kenny Paterson)

2. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 2 Outline 1.Grid security 2.Identity-based cryptography 3.An identity-based alternative to GSI 4.Performance analysis 5.Benefits and drawbacks 6.Conclusions

3. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 3 1. Grid Security  Grid security requirements:  Entity authentication  E.g. individual users, resource/service providers.  Single sign-on  Logon once but authenticate to multiple resources.  Delegation  Achieve unattended authentication, allowing an intermediate party to act on user’s behalf.  Credential life-span and renewal  Short-term (proxy) credentials are used to limit the exposure of long-term credentials (private keys)  Authorization and access control  Others: integration and inter-operability, policy management, trust relationships, user privacy, etc.

4. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 4 GSI: Single sign-on  User’s long-term private key encrypted using key derived from password.  Public key certified by X.509 certificate that is issued by Grid CA.  At logon:  Password unlocks long-term private key.  User’s machine generates proxy/short-term key pair.  Proxy certificate for short-term public key signed using long-term private key.  Proxy private key protected by local file system permissions.  User now uses proxy credential to authenticate, establish secure sessions, etc.  No password re-entry needed and long-term private key protected.

5. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 5 GSI: Authentication  Mutual authentication performed as part of a TLS handshake protocol.  Needed during job submission and before delegation.  Make uses of standard and proxy certificates in ClientCert and ServerCert.  Proxy private keys are used for signing handshake flows.  Involves transmission and verification of certificate chains.

6. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 6 GSI: Secure communications  Authenticated session key establishment also as part of the TLS handshake protocol.  Uses RSA encryption to transport keying material securely from client (user) to server (resource).  Proxy keys are used for RSA encryption.  Keying material used to derive keys for TLS secure channel.

7. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 7 GSI: Delegation  Delegation of rights from one party to another.  For example, a resource X may need to access additional resources on behalf of user A, without user intervention.  Resource X creates proxy key pair.  Proxy request signed using X’s newly created proxy private key and delivered to user A along with proxy public key.  A’s proxy checks request and signature, then creates proxy certificate on resource’s proxy public key and proxy request.  Signature created using A’s proxy private key.  Proxy certificate forwarded to resource X.  A certificate from user (proxy) delegating certain rights to resource.

8. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 8 Some problems  Large number of signature and certificate chain verifications are needed.  Even for execution of a simple job request.  SSO and delegation require frequent generation of proxy credentials.  Each new credential requiring moderately intensive key generation (typically use 512 and 1024 bit RSA keys).  Several protocol messages and round trips involved in delegation.  High computational and communication overheads.  CRLs as proposed revocation mechanism for long-term keys.  Scalability and timeliness of information.  Does the security architecture scale to production level grids?

9. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 9 2. Identity-Based Cryptography Original idea due to Shamir (1984):  Public keys derived directly from system identities (e.g. an e-mail address or IP address).  Private keys generated and distributed to users in by a trusted authority (TA) who has a master key.  As long as:  Bob is sure of Alice’s identity and  The TA has given the private key to the right entity, then Bob can safely encrypt to Alice without consulting a directory and without checking a certificate.

10. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 10 Basic idea of IBC TA Private Key Alice’s ID Public Key

11. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 11 Reality of IBC TA Secure channel Authentic public parameters Alice’s ID

12. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 12 IBC: A short history  Shamir devised only an ID-based signature scheme.  Construction of truly practical and secure ID-based encryption scheme an open problem until 2001.  Sakai, Ohgishi and Kasahara (SCIS, Jan. 2001).  Boneh and Franklin (CRYPTO, Aug. 2001).  Practical and provably secure.  Uses elliptic curve cryptography and pairings on elliptic curves.  Cocks’ scheme (IMA C&C, Dec. 2001).  Scheme based on quadratic residuosity, not bandwidth efficient.  Research done in mid 1990’s at UK government agency.

13. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 13 Some benefits of IBC  Certificate-free.  No processing, management or distribution of certificates.  Directory-less.  Bob can encrypt for Alice without looking-up Alice’s public key first.  Indeed, Alice need not have her private key when she receives Bob’s encryption.  Automatic revocation.  Simply extend identifier to include a validity period.  Alice’s private key becomes useless at end of each period, because Bob will start to update identifier.  So Alice needs to obtain private key for current period from TA in order to decrypt.

14. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 14 Hierarchical IBC  Hierarchical identity-based cryptography (HIBC).  Gentry and Silverberg (2002)  Eases the private key distribution problem and improves scalability of the Boneh-Franklin IBE scheme.  Mimics the hierarchy of CA’s often seen in PKI.  HIBE and HIBS schemes.  Architecture:  A root TA at level 0 with a master secret s 0.  Entity at level t -1 in hierarchy has secret s t-1 and issues private keys S t to entities at level t for which it is responsible.  So each entity acts as TA for lower-level entities.  Any entity can encrypt for (or verify signatures of) any other entity in the hierarchy, provided their identity string is known.

15. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 15 3. An ID-based Alternative  Main ideas:  Replace Grid CA by Grid TA (or hierarchy of TAs depending on the scale).  Apply the Gentry-Silverberg HIBE and HIBS schemes for encryption/decryption and signature generation/verification.  Eliminate certificates and certificate chains.  Simplify proxy generation and dissemination.  Use automatic revocation feature of HIBC to limit proxy credential lifetimes and to set proxy policies.  Use carefully selected cryptographic parameters to minimise computation and bandwidth requirements.

16. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 16 ID-based architecture  Bootstrap root TA’s parameters into grid software.  One-time registration of local TAs with root TA.  Local TAs responsible for:  Registration of local users and resources.  Distribution of long-term private keys to local users and resources.  Users and resources in turn act as TAs for their proxies.  Distribution of short-term (proxy) private keys within user machine/resource.

17. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 17 ID-based architecture Root TA Local TA User User Proxy Local TA Resource Level 0 Level 1 Level 3 Level 2 Resource Proxy

18. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 18 Single sign-on Root TA Local TA User User Proxy Local TA Level 0 Level 1 Level 3 Level 2 Single Sign On:  Password unlocks user (level 2) private key.  User (level 2) can then create private key for user proxy (level 3).  Level 3 identifier encodes validity period for proxy.  Level 3 identifiers can be parsed by resources when checking proxy signatures and making access control decisions. Resource Resource Proxy

19. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 19 Delegation  User proxy combines user proxy identifier, resource identifier, validity period and delegated privileges to create identifier for delegated resource (level 4).  Identifier acts as a form of delegation token.  User proxy transports private key matching identifier to resource, e.g. using a shared session key.  Resource can now use private key to vouch that it has received delegated rights from user proxy.  Exploits dynamic nature of HIBC:  User proxy creates a new level below it in hierarchy.  Delegated resource effectively becomes subordinate to user proxy in hierarchy.

20. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 20 Delegation Root TA Local TA User User Proxy Local TA Delegated Resource Level 0 Level 1 Level 3 Level 2 Level 4 Secure private key transport Resource Resource Proxy

21. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 21 Delegation: Alternative  A one-pass non-interactive delegation protocol.  When user wants to delegate her credential to resource:  User creates identifier (delegation token) as before.  User signs the identifier (using HIBS) and forwards it to resource.  Resource’s status as the delegation target can be confirmed by a third party by:  Verifying the signed delegation token using user’s ID.  Challenging resource to prove possession of the identity-based private key matching delegation token.

22. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 22 Resource Proxy Delegation: Alternative Root TA Local TA User User Proxy Local TA Resource Delegated Resource Level 0 Level 1 Level 3 Level 2 Level 4 Signature on token

23. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 23 Authentication and secure communications  Use identity-based version of TLS.  Gives mutual authentication and establishment of secure communications channel.  Replace RSA signatures by HIBS.  Replace RSA encryption for key transport by HIBE.  Replace ClientCert and ServerCert with ClientIdentifer and ServerIdentifier.  E.g. ClientIdentifier = ID A, LT A  Needs support in TLS for new ID-based ciphersuites.

24. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 24 Key update and revocation  User long-term keys can be updated on a yearly basis.  Encode year as part of user identifier.  /C=UK/O=eScience/OU=RHUL/CN=Alice/Y=2006  Update requires secure channel from TA to user.  Can use existing user public key to encrypt new private key.  We can use finer-grained identifiers for more regular automated revocation:  /C=UK/O=eScience/OU=RHUL/CN=Alice/Y=2006/M=May  However, if this is still not sufficient, existing PKI revocation mechanisms such as CRLs, OCSP, can be used.  Default lifetime for short-term keys in GSI is 12 hours.  Mimic this by including expiry periods in all proxy identifiers.

25. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 25 4. Performance Analysis  Assumptions:  CA’s certificates and TA’s system parameters are pre-distributed.  Size of standard certificate = 1.5 kilobytes (RSA public key, modulus, signature, excluding subject, issuer, validity period).  Size of proxy certificate = 0.8 kilobytes.  Selection of ID-based components to give roughly same security as 1024-bit RSA.  Dominant computational costs:  GSI – RSA key generation.  ID-based GSI – pairing computation.  Dominant communication costs:  GSI – certificates, RSA encryption (512 bits) and signature (512 bits).  ID-based GSI – HIBE encryption (1056 bits) and HIBS signature (816 bits).

26. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 26 Communication costs  GSI:  Authenticated key agreement: 4 certificates (2 proxy), 1 encryption, 1 signature.  Delegation: 1 proxy certificate, 1 signature, 1 public key.  ID-based GSI:  Authenticated key agreement: 1 encryption, 1 signature.  Delegation: 1 signature. OperationGSI (kbits) ID-based (kbits) Authenticated Key agreement (TLS)37.81.9 Delegation7.80.8

27. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 27 Computational costs  GSI:  Single sign-on: 1 key generation  Authenticated key agreement (TLS): 6 modular exponentiations (encryption), 2 modular exponentiations (decryption)  Delegation: 1 key generation, 1 modular exponentiation (encryption), 2 modular exponentiations (decryption)  ID-based GSI:  Single sign-on: 1 key generation (1 point multiplication and 1 point addition)  Authenticated key agreement (TLS): 3 point multiplications, 4 pairing computations, 1 point addition.  Delegation: 1 key generation, 1 point multiplication.

28. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 28 Computational costs  Timings obtained through implementation of RSA and HIBE/HIBS schemes based on the MIRACL library (with C/C++).  Using a Pentium IV 2.4 GHz processor.  Known optimisation techniques were used, e.g. small RSA public exponent, faster RSA decryption (CRT method) and eta pairing.  The two approaches have comparable costs. OperationGSI (ms) ID-based (ms) Long-term key generation149.901.69 Proxy key generation34.851.74 Authenticated Key agreement (TLS)5.3428.95 Delegation37.495.09

29. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 29 5. Benefits and Drawbacks Benefits:  Identity-based replication of existing grid security features.  Certificate-free  Reduced bandwidth and comparable computational costs.  More efficient delegation mechanisms.  Automated revocation of keys.  Trivial computation of proxy key pairs.

30. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 30 Benefits and drawbacks Drawbacks:  Inherent escrow may be a problem in commercially-oriented grid environments.  But MyProxy already in wide-spread use!  Distribution of private keys to users/resources.  Fine-grained revocation requires an additional mechanism.  Current lack of support for and standardization of IBC.

31. The 17 th Global Grid Forum, May 10-12, Tokyo 31 6. Conclusions  We have used ID-based techniques to propose an alternative grid security infrastructure.  ID-based techniques seem well-matched to the grid environments.  Our ID-based proposal has significant benefits, but also some drawbacks.  Future work:  Prototyping?  Impact on web services security?  Use of certificateless public key cryptography?