1. From Topics to Topic Sentences PLUS Paraphrasing
Chapter 4:
Reading for Results

2. In this chapter you will learn how to:
Identify the topic of a paragraph
Ask questions that lead to the main idea
Recognize topic sentences
See how transitions lead to topic sentences
Paraphrase without changing meaning

3. Identifying the Topic
The topic is the subject being discussed: person, place, or thing.
Discover the topic by asking who, or what, is the most referred to subject in the sentence.
The topic should be general enough to include aspects that are discussed and specific enough to exclude unrelated items.
Most of the time you will need two or more words to fully express the topic.

4. Example: Identify the topic in the following paragraph by choosing the letter of the correct answer.
Steven Spielberg is an extraordinarily successful movie director. He has directed some of the most successful films of all time. As a result, he is one of the few directors today who can claim a percentage of his movies’ profits. In addition to commercial success, Spielberg has enjoyed a fair range of critical success as well. His most critically acclaimed film, Schindler’s List, won the Academy Award for best picture as well as the award for best director. The profits from Schindler’s List were donated to charity.
the success of Steven Spielberg
Schindler’s List
Stephen Spielberg’s Academy Award

5. From Topic to Main Idea
Once you have identified the topic, you still need to discover the main idea.
The main idea is the central message or point of the paragraph.
Discover the main idea by asking: What does the author want to say about the topic?

6. Main Ideas
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that express a single idea about a single topic - the main idea.
Main Idea
Detail

7. The topic sentence is the one sentence that expresses the main idea.

8. How to identify Topic Sentences
The topic sentence is more general than most of the other sentences in the paragraph.
The topic sentence answers the question, “What’s the point of this paragraph?”
The topic sentence is developed by both general and specific sentences throughout the paragraph.
The topic sentence can be used to sum up the entire paragraph.
Anyone can paraphrase the main idea, but only the author can write a topic sentence.

9. The Topic Sentence First
The author first states his or her main point and then explains it.
Main Point
Detail

10. The Topic Sentence Last
The author leads up to the main point and then directly states it at the end.
Detail
Main Point

11. Topic Sentence in the Middle
Some details lead up to or introduce the main idea while others follow the main idea to further explain or describe it.
Detail
Main Point

12. Topic Sentence First & Last
Writers may emphasize an important idea at the beginning and then again at the end. Or, the first and last sentence together express the paragraph’s main point.
Main Point
Detail

13. Identifying Topics and Main Ideas Choose the letter of the correct Topic and Main Idea
The dark side of being famous revealed itself on the night of March 1, On this night, the twenty-month-old son of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh was kidnapped from the couple’s brand-new home in New Jersey. The kidnapper entered the Lindbergh house by means of a homemade ladder and left behind a ransom note written in broken English. Following the kidnapping, a man with a German accent called and demanded a $50,000 ransom. Although the ransom was paid, the baby was not found where it was supposed to be. Eventually, a truck driver discovered the child’s corpse near the Lindbergh home.
Topic: a. Famous kidnappings
b. The Lindbergh kidnapping
c. Charles and Anne Lindbergh
Main Idea:
The Lindbergh kidnapping illustrates that fame can have its dangerous side.
The Lindberghs never got over the death of their child.

14. Transitions
Transitions are verbal (or written) bridges that writers use to help readers connect ideas.
Transitions are linking words or phrases used to lead the reader from one idea to another.
Transitions always signal a reversal or change of some sort.
Be aware of “Reversal Transitions” on page 155.

15. Common Transitions Time-Sequence: first, later, next
Example: for instance, such as
Enumeration: first, second, next
Continuation: also, in addition
Contrast: however, in contrast
Comparison: similarly, like
Cause-Effect: because, therefore

16. Paraphrasing
Right after you finish reading a paragraph, you should be able to paraphrase its meaning.
To paraphrase means to express someone else’s ideas in your own words.
1. Change the words but not the meaning of the sentence (or paragraph).
2. Change the order of the words and phrases in the sentence.
If you can express the meaning in your own words, you understand the meaning.

17. More Practice – Main Ideas
Go to:
Click on: Topics for definition and practice exercises
Click on: Main Ideas for definition and practice exercises