1. Academic Citation Style
Academic Integrity, Plagiarism, and Citation Style
This class addresses, Student understands the ethical use of information in an academic environment, by helping students to understand what constitutes academic integrity and plagiarism.

2. Learning Objectives You will be able to:
Determine what information needs to be cited
Demonstrate ability of cite a source in one of the citations formats
Objectives:
Explain what is meant by academic integrity
Describe potential consequences for plagiarizing at CSU, Chico
Determine what information needs to be cited
Demonstrate ability to cite a source in one of the citation formats
This class addresses, Student understands the ethical use of information in an academic environment, by helping students to understand what constitutes academic integrity and plagiarism.

3. Using APA Format to Document Sources
Show style manual. Ask how many student have ever seen the full style manual, as opposed to a Hacker manual.
This rest of this presentation was created in part using information from a PowerPoint from the Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL)
There is also a PowerPoint available for MLA Style:

4. Why Cite Information? Three Important Reasons
So the reader can locate and read the exact same sources
To give credit to the original author
To give you credibility as a writer and protect you from being accused of plagiarism
Doesn’t matter if it’s a school paper, or a book or journal articles. Students should cite properly and so should professional writers and academicians.
Give credit where credit is due. It is unethical to claim ownership for something that is not yours…including words.
Protecting yourself from being accused of plagiarism is critical…and as students, you can’t be expected to know everything. Citing credible sources gives your work more credibility.
APA documentation style is commonly utilized for research in science-related fields, as opposed to MLA style, which is used for research in the liberal arts. APA format provides writers with a format for cross-referencing their sources--from their parenthetical references to their reference page. This cross-referencing system allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects. The proper use of APA style also shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material. Most importantly, use of APA style can protect writers from plagiarism--the purposeful or accidental use of source material by other writers without giving appropriate credit. The next slide provides additional information on plagiarism.

5. Where Do I Find APA Format?
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed.
Library Call Number: REF BF76.7 P
Websites
AS Bookstore
There are many rules for following APA format and it is nearly impossible to memorize them all. Students’ best course of action is to utilize the official APA handbook as a guide for properly using the documentation format. Since the American Psychological Association, a professional group of behavioral and social science professors and instructors, periodically updates the guide, students should be certain that they are using the most current information possible.
There are other resources for finding current information on APA documentation style. The APA web site offers some limited information about recent format changes, especially regarding the documentation of World Wide Web and electronic sources.

6. Parenthetical Citations
APA Style: Two Parts
Parenthetical Citations
in the body of the paper
Reference Page
at the end of the paper

7. When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?
When quoting any words that are not your own
Quoting means to repeat another source word for word, using quotation marks
Key Concepts: The next two slides explain the occasions in which APA citations will be necessary, as well as explains the differences between quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing. Students will be most familiar with the need to site for quotations, but the facilitator should stress that if the idea comes from someone else, the source material should be cited.

8. When Should You Not Use Parenthetical Citations?
When summarizing facts and ideas from a source
Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words
When paraphrasing a source
Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words
Key Concepts: This slide explains explains the differences between summarizing and paraphrasing. The facilitator may stress that if the idea comes from someone else, the source material should be cited.

9. When Do You Cite? Don’t fall into the trap of plagiarism!
If the idea or information you are using did not originate in your own mind . . .
CITE IT!
Rationale: This slide provides a visual warning about the dangers of plagiarism, as well as stresses the need to cite information from other sources.

10. Paraphrasing activity
Conduct hands on activity in which student use worksheet handed out to try to identify properly cited or paraphrased passages. Our worksheet was modeled after the following:
“Interactive Learning: An Exercise to Teach Bioscience Students about Plagiarism” by Chris J R Willmott and Tim m Harrison. Journal of Biological Education (2003) 37 (3) pp

11. Example #1
During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
YES. Exact quote. No recognition given. Can’t get any more plagiarized than this.

12. Example #2
During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced. (Rang et al, 1999)
Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
Yes. Plagiarism. Marginally better than the one before because it does acknowledge a source for the idea or information but what is left out?
Need quotes to indicate that you have taken the exact text.

13. Example #3
“During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.” (Rang et al, 1999)
Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
No, not plagiarized. The author clearly acknowledges that both the ideas and the word order have come from the book.
Stringing together a series of quoted chunks of text is a poor way to write an essay but at least it is done correctly.
A word for word copy of something someone else has said or written needs to be indicated by putting quotation marks at the beginning and the end of the quote or by setting it apart from the main text in an indented block. The source of the quote must also be cited.

14. Example #4
In the 4th edition of their textbook Pharmacology (1999), Rang, Dale and Ritter state that: “During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.” Such a bold assertion understates the ongoing threat posed by microbial infection. It is estimated, for example, that worldwide there were over 8 million cases of tuberculosis in 1998 (WHO, 2000).
Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
Not Plagiarized. Quotation is indicated and used in an appropriate way. In is being critiqued by the author and contrasted with a view supported by a second reference.

15. Example #5
The development of safe and effective drugs to deal with bacterial infection has dramatically reduced the death rate arising from microbial diseases.
Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
Yes. Plagiarized. Example of paraphrasing.
Here is where things get tricky and this is how most plagiarism occurs.
Cosmetic alterations to the original statement. The wording and sentence construction bears a very close relationship with the source. Restating in your own words something somebody else has said or written. A paraphrase must be cited. Putting something in your own words does not make it yours.

16. Example #6
During the post-war years, the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infection has transformed medical treatment, and death and illness resulting from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
Yes. Plagiarized. Thesaurus-ed or word swapping version of the same text. A few words have been replaced with synonyms but this is not sufficient to be considered new work.
A summary is like a paraphrase but it does not follow the original as closely and is a shorter version of the original. You must cite the source for a summary.

17. Example #7
The availability of antimicrobial compounds has transformed healthcare in the period since the second world war. People are far less likely to die or even be seriously ill than they had been prior to the introduction of these drugs.
Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
Not plagiarized. A serious attempt has been made to produce a novel account of the subject and put it into their own worlds. It is not perfect. There are echoes of the thought processes with the work.

18. Paraphrasing
To paraphrase is to put ideas expressed by someone else into your own words.
Should not simply replace words with synonyms
Should not follow the same sentence structure of the original
Must be cited or accompanied by an in text reference to the original source even if the source is in your bibliography
Paraphrasing is a necessary and legitimate component of most research papers and is better in many ways than quoting because you are thinking about and working with the ideas in an attempt to express them in a clearer fashion.
Even though it is your own words it is not your own idea.

19. Keys to Parenthetical Citations
Readability!
Keep references brief
Give only information needed to identify the source on your reference page--cross-referencing!
Do not repeat unnecessary information
Key Concepts: This slide emphasizes the need to keep parenthetical citations within a paper brief. The information provided in the body of the paper should be just enough so that a reader could easily cross-reference the citation with its matching entry on the reference page. The following slides give examples of how to use parenthetical references.

20. Handling Quotes in Your Text
Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).
Examples: The two examples in this slide illustrate methods for including parenthetical citations in the text. If the author’s name is listed in the preceding sentence, only the publication year and page number of the quotation should appear in the parenthetical citation following the sentence. If the author’s name does not appear within the sentence, the parenthetical citation should include the author’s last name, the publication year, and the page number. In either case, a reader should be able to cross-reference back to the reference page and locate all of the publication information needed to find Cathy Caruth’s book:
Caruth, Cathy (1996). Unclaimed experience: trauma, narrative, and history. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins UP.
Key Concepts: When referring generally to an article or book (rather than to a specific passage) the author should include the last name of the author and the publication year in the parenthetical reference. The facilitator may also note that the parenthetical reference is located before the period.

21. Handling Parenthetical Citations
Sometimes more information is necessary
Example: more than one author with the same last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)
Example: Two or more works in the same parentheses
(Fussell, 1975; Caruth, 1996; Showalter, 1997)
Example: Work with six or more authors
(Smith et al, 1998)
Example: Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
Examples: This slide demonstrates variations on the parenthetical reference. The first example distinguishes a book by Henry James from a work by William James by including the first initial. The second example distinguishes multiple works within a single citation by dividing them with semi-colons. If a work has six or more authors, as in the third example, the citation should include the words “et al,” meaning “and others.” Finally, if the writer wants to cite a particular section of a work, “chap.” can be added to indicate chapter, and “p.” or “pp.” can be used to indicate page number.

22. Handling Parenthetical Citations
A reference to a personal communication:
Source: message from C. Everett Koop
Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998)
A general reference to a web site
Source: Purdue University web site
Citation: (
Examples: The first example illustrates a citation for a personal communication. Personal communication constitutes letters, memos, telephone interviews, and electronic forms of communication (chat rooms and ). Because these sources cannot be cross-checked by outside readers, such sources are only listed in the body of the paper, not on the reference page. The citation should include the the initials and last name of the sources, “personal communication,” and the date of contact.
The second example depicts a citation for a general reference to a web site. If referring to a web site in a general way (no reference to specific passages or information), just the web address should appear in the parenthetical reference. Again, these sources are only listed in the body of the paper, not on the reference page.

23. Handling Parenthetical Citations
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).
Rationale: This slide illustrates the inclusion of APA parenthetical citations within a paper. The facilitator should note that everything should be double spaced consistently.
* From “Shell Shock and the Great War” by Andrew J. Kunka, Purdue University (unpublished manuscript)

24. Handling Quotes in Your Text
There are many different combinations and variations within APA citation format.
If you run into something unusual, look it up!
Rationale: This slide reminds participants that APA reference guides should be consulted to answer questions about parenthetical references or reference page entries.

25. Example of a Reference Page
Shell Shock 36
References
Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and modern memory.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Marcus, J. (1989). The asylums of Antaeus: Women, war,
and madness—is there a feminist fetishism? In H. A. Veeser (Ed.),
The New Historicism (pp ). New York: Routledge.
Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the
central nervous system. The Lancet, 1,
Showalter, E. (1997). Hystories: Hysterical epidemics and
modern media. New York: Columbia University Press.
This slide offers students a sample of what a reference page looks like. For this particular paper, titled “Shell Shock and the Great War,”* four sources were used. The first and fourth sources are books with one author. The second source is an article with two authors that appeared in an anthology. The third source is an article that appeared in a continuously paginated journal.
The abbreviated title of the paper, “Shell Shock,” appears in the upper right with the page number. “References” should be centered two lines below the abbreviated title. All sources are double spaced and alphabetized according to author. The first line of an entry should be indented five spaces.
* From “Shell Shock and the Great War” by Andrew J. Kunka, Purdue University (unpublished manuscript).

26. Reference Page
A list of every source that you make “reference to” in your paper
Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay
Each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference page, and vice versa--cross-referencing!
Point out that APA calls it a Reference page. Other citations manuals call it something else.
Students may also understand this to be called the “bibliography” page. Each source referenced within the paper should also appear on the reference page. The reference page appears at the end of the paper.

27. Reference Page Details
Starts on a new page
Type the word “References” centered at the top of the page
Use hanging indent form.
The first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented on half inch.
Arrange alphabetically, not by format of publication (ex.. Book, journal, etc.)

28. What to Include in a Reference Citation
Most citations should contain the following basic information:
Author’s name
Title of work
Publication information
book: date, place, publisher name, etc.
article: date, volume, page numbers, etc.

29. References: Some Examples
Book
Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. New York: Touchstone.
Article in a Magazine
Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The New Yorker,
Note that titles of books, magazines, journals, and newspapers should be italicized or underlined. This should be double spaced. Note that it may not look double spaced on the screen…but it actually is. Same for subsequent slides.

30. References: Some Examples
A newspaper article
Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27).
Master teachers whose artistry glows in
private. New York Times, p. B2.
A source with no known author
Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises.
(1999, September 14). New York Times,
p. A17.
This slide shows examples of citations for a newspaper article and for a source (in this case, a newspaper article) with no author. Ask students how to alphabetize a source with no author within a reference page. They should alphabetize according to their next best piece of information--here, the first word of the article, “Cigarette.”

31. References: Some Examples
Web page citations need 2 additional pieces of information:
URL
Accessed (retrieved) date
Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button. Roughcut. Turner Network Television. Retrieved October 28, 1998 from
Citing web pages are often confusing for students. The web page example lists the author’s name (if available), the date of publication, the title of the article, the title of the web site underlined or italicized, the publisher, the retrieval date, and the web address. Students may not find all of this information when they look at a web page, particularly the author’s name, the date, and the publisher. Remind students that they should list in order the information that they do have.
NOTE: That when citation ends with a URL, you do not include a period at the end of the citation!!!

32. Citing a book LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print:
Fraud, plagiarism, and misconduct in
scientific publishing. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
Tell students that if the city of publication is well known (Paris, Rome, London, New York…probably Berkeley) they don’t need to list city or country. If the city is not well known of if there are several cities with same name, they need to list state: ex, Paris, TX. Chico, CA.

33. How would you cite this newspaper article?
Ask students to pretend the have the newspaper in front of them. Two tricky thinks with this citation. The newspaper is: New York Times Book Review. Students must list entire title, not just New York Times, because these are two separate publications.
Also, there is a mistake in this database, they’ve listed the page number differently: is it p. 7 or p. 43. Students will know the page number in real life because they will have the actual newspaper in front of them. All they have to do is look at the top or bottom corner of the page to find out.

34. Citing a newspaper article
McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog
wrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 7.
OR:
wrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 43.
Two examples of this citation because of mistake with the page number in the database. This is an example of how databases or online sources are not infallible. The database entry was created by a person, who when he/she entered the data, made a mistake.

35. Citing an article from a library database
Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy.
(2004, September 1). Nursing Standard,
18, Retrieved November 16, 2004,
from Academic Search Elite database. OR
18,
Note that when citing a journal article, the volume of the journal is also listed in italics, along with the journal name.

36. Citing a WWW page Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the
web. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from

37. Final Reference List References
LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print: Fraud, plagiarism, and
misconduct in scientific publishing. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the web. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from
McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog wrote it. New York Times
Book Review, p. 7.
Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy. (2004, September 1). Nursing Standard, 18, Retrieved October 21, 2004,
from Academic Search Elite database.
Putting it all together, our four examples would look like this.

38. The Reference List: Final Words of Advice
There are many different types of materials you could cite
If you run into something unusual, look it up!
Rationale: This slide reminds participants that APA reference guides should be consulted to answer questions about parenthetical references or reference page entries.

39. When in doubt, ask for help.
Final words of advice
Realize that plagiarizing is always the worst solution to any academic problem
When in doubt, ask for help.

40. People and places and things that can help you
The Writing Center
Your Instructor
The Librarians
A Style Manual
Writing Center
Taylor 203