1. THE RHETORIC OF THE OP-ED PAGE --Module 2— Letter to the Editor Notes
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THE RHETORIC OF THE OP-ED PAGE --Module 2— Letter to the Editor Notes
CSU EXPOSITORY READING AND WRITING COURSE SEMESTER ONE

2. Activity 37: Using the Words of Others (and Avoiding Plagiarism)
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Activity 37: Using the Words of Others (and Avoiding Plagiarism)
One of the most important features of academic writing is the use of words and ideas from written sources to support the writer’s own points. There are essentially three ways to incorporate words and ideas from sources, as shown below:

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Direct quotation:
Jeremy Rifkin says, “Studies on pigs’ social behavior funded by McDonald’s at Purdue University, for example, have found that they crave affection and are easily depressed if isolated or denied playtime with each other” (15).

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2. Paraphrase:
In “A Change of Heart about Animals,” Jeremy Rifkin notes that McDonald’s has funded studies on pigs that show that they need affection and playtime with one another (15).

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3. Summary:
In “A Change of Heart about Animals,” Jeremy Rifkin cites study after study to show that animals and humans are more alike than we think. He shows that animals feel emotions and reason, make and use tools, learn and use language, and mourn their dead. One study even shows that pigs need affection and playtime with one another and enjoy playing with toys (15).

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Documentation
You will also need to learn to take notes with full citation information. For print material, you will need to record, at a minimum, the author, title, city of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page number. The two most common documentation formats used are Modern Language Association (MLA), which is used mainly by English departments, and the American Psychological Association format (APA).

7. MLA Format: Works Cited
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MLA Format: Works Cited
Books. Here is the Works Cited format for a typical book in MLA style:
Bean, John C., Virginia A. Chappell, and Alice M. Gilliam. Reading Rhetorically: A Reader for Writers. New York: Longman, Print.

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Newspapers. Here is the bibliographic information for the article quoted above. The fact that it was published in a newspaper changes the format and the information to be provided:
Rifkin, Jeremy. “A Change of Heart about Animals.” Editorial. Los Angeles Times 1 Sept. 2003: B15. Print.

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Web Sites. To document a Web site, you will need to give the name of the author (if known), the title of the site (or a description, such as “Homepage,” if no title is available), the date of publication or update (if known), the name of the organization that sponsors the site, the date of access, the medium of publication (optional), and the Web address (URL) in angle brackets. For example:
“Animal Bill of Rights.” Animal Legal Defense Fund, 16 July Web. < p/dia/action/ public/?action_KEY=5078>. Web.

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The author for the above site is unknown, so no author name is given. This entry would appear in the Works Cited section alphabetized by “Animal.”

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In-Text Documentation. MLA style also requires in-text documentation for every direct quotation, indirect quotation, paraphrase, or summary. Many students are confused about this, believing that documentation is necessary only for direct quotations. If the author is given in the text, the page number should be given in parentheses at the end of the sentence containing the material. For example, here is a paraphrase of material from the Rifkin article (because the author is not named in the text, his last name goes in the parentheses):

12. In-Text Documentation -- Example:
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In-Text Documentation -- Example:
It is well established that animals can learn to use sign language. A long-term study at the Gorilla Foundation in Northern California shows that Koko, a 300-pound gorilla, can use more than 1,000 signs to communicate with her keepers and can understand several thousand English words. She also scores between 70 and 95 on human IQ tests (Rifkin 15).

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An academic paper is most often a dialogue between the writer and his or her sources. When you learn to quote, paraphrase, summarize, and document sources correctly, you are well on your way to college-level writing.

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A fully documented paper will also have a “Works Cited” page (for MLA documentation style). For this essay, your Works Cited page might look like this:
Works Cited
“Animal Bill of Rights.” Animal Legal Defense Fund, 16 July Web. < dia/action/ public/?action_KEY=5078>.
Braithwaite, Victoria. “Hooked on a Myth; Do Fish Feel Pain? A Biologist Says We Shouldn’t Be So Quick to Believe They Don’t.” Los Angeles Times 8 Oct. 2006: M.5. Print.
Rifkin, Jeremy. “A Change of Heart about Animals.” Editorial. Los Angeles Times, 1 Sept. 2003: B15. Print.

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Resources:
This short discussion presents only the basic concepts of MLA documentation. You will also need access to the MLA Handbook, which covers the system in detail, or you might consult an online site such as the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL).

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Notes:
A Web address, or URL, should be included only if it is requested by the instructor or is necessary to find the source. If you need to include one, place it in angle brackets, include the and add a period after the final angle bracket.
If you need to break the address to divide it between two lines, do so after a slash.
Do not allow your word processing program to turn it into a hyperlink (blue underlined type). Right-click on the address to remove the link.
(see: