1. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 1 Digital Fundamentals CHAPTER 1 Digital Concepts

2. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 2 Digital and Analog Quantities

3. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 3 Digital and Analog Quantities Analog quantities have continuous valuesAnalog quantities have continuous values Digital quantities have discrete sets of valuesDigital quantities have discrete sets of values

4. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 4 Digital and Analog Quantities Analog quantities have continuous values Digital quantities have discrete sets of values

5. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 5 Digital and Analog Quantities Types of electronic devices or instruments: AnalogAnalog DigitalDigital Combination analog and digitalCombination analog and digital

6. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 6 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms

7. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 7 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms The conventional numbering system uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.The conventional numbering system uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9. The binary numbering system uses just two digits: 0 and 1.The binary numbering system uses just two digits: 0 and 1.

8. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 8 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms The two binary digits are designated 0 and 1The two binary digits are designated 0 and 1 They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1

9. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 9 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Binary values are also represented by voltage levels

10. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 10 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Major parts of a digital pulse Base lineBase line AmplitudeAmplitude Rise time (t r )Rise time (t r ) Pulse width (t w )Pulse width (t w ) Fall time (t f )Fall time (t f )

11. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 11 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms t w = pulse widtht w = pulse width T = period of the waveformT = period of the waveform f = frequency of the waveformf = frequency of the waveform

12. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 12 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms The duty cycle of a binary waveform is defined as:

13. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 13 Basic Logic Operations

14. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 14 Basic Logic Operations There are only three basic logic operations:

15. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 15 Basic Logic Operations When the input is LOW, the output is HIGHWhen the input is LOW, the output is HIGH When the input is HIGH, the output is LOWWhen the input is HIGH, the output is LOW The NOT operation The output logic level is always opposite the input logic level.

16. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 16 Basic Logic Operations The AND operationThe AND operation –When any input is LOW, the output is LOW –When both inputs are HIGH, the output is HIGH

17. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 17 Basic Logic Operations The OR operationThe OR operation –When any input is HIGH, the output is HIGH –When both inputs are LOW, the output is LOW

18. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 18 Overview of Basic Logic Functions

19. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 19 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Comparison functionComparison function Arithmetic functionsArithmetic functions Code conversion functionCode conversion function Encoding functionEncoding function Decoding functionDecoding function Data selection functionData selection function Data storage functionData storage function Counting functionCounting function

20. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 20 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Comparison function Compares two binary values and determines whether or not they are equalCompares two binary values and determines whether or not they are equal

21. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 21 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Arithmetic functions Perform the basic arithmetic operations on two binary values:Perform the basic arithmetic operations on two binary values: –Addition –Subtraction of two values –Multiplication –Division

22. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 22 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Code conversion function Converts, or translates, information from one code format to anotherConverts, or translates, information from one code format to another

23. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 23 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Encoding function Converts non-binary information into a binary codeConverts non-binary information into a binary code

24. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 24 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Decoding function Converts binary-coded information into a non-binary formConverts binary-coded information into a non-binary form

25. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 25 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Data selection function Multiplexer (mux)Multiplexer (mux) –Switches digital data from any number of input sources to a single output line Demultiplexer (demux)Demultiplexer (demux) –switches digital data from a single input to any number of output lines

26. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 26 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Data storage function Retains binary data for a period of timeRetains binary data for a period of time –Flip-flops (bistable multvibrators) –Registers –Semiconductor memories –Magnetic-media memories –Optical-media memories

27. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 27 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Counting function Generates sequences of digital pulse that represent numbersGenerates sequences of digital pulse that represent numbers

28. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 28 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits

29. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 29 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits IC package styles Dual in-line package (DIP)Dual in-line package (DIP) Small-outline IC (SOIC)Small-outline IC (SOIC) Flat pack (FP)Flat pack (FP) Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC) Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)

30. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 30 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Dual in-line package (DIP)Dual in-line package (DIP)

31. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 31 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Small-outline IC (SOIC)Small-outline IC (SOIC)

32. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 32 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Flat pack (FP)Flat pack (FP)

33. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 33 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)

34. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 34 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)

35. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 35 Introduction to Programmable Logic

36. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 36 Introduction to Programmable Logic SPLD—Simple programmable logic devicesSPLD—Simple programmable logic devices CPLD—Complex programmable logic devicesCPLD—Complex programmable logic devices FPGA—Field-programmable gate arraysFPGA—Field-programmable gate arrays

37. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 37 Introduction to Programmable Logic SPLDSPLD –PAL (programmable array logic) –GAL (generic array logic) –PLA (programmable logic array) –PROM (programmable read-only memory)

38. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 38 Test and Measurement Instruments

39. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 39 Test and Measurement Instruments Analog OscilloscopeAnalog Oscilloscope Digital OscilloscopeDigital Oscilloscope Logic AnalyzerLogic Analyzer Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current ProbeLogic Probe, Pulser, and Current Probe DC Power SupplyDC Power Supply Function GeneratorFunction Generator Digital MultimeterDigital Multimeter