1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 1789 - 1900
World History 9
Chapter 8

2. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
A. Colonial Society Divided
1. Peninsulares: people who had been born in Spain and were members
of Spanish colonial society
a. Top of Spanish colonial society
b. Tiny percentage of the population
c. Only one to hold high offices in colonial government
2. Creoles: those of Spanish parentage born in Latin America
a. Second in rank to peninsulares in society
b. Could not hold high-level political office
c. Could be officers in Spanish colonial army
3. Mestizos: persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry
4. Mulattos: persons of mixed European and African ancestry
5. Indians: inhabitants before Europeans arrived; bottom of social ladder
B. Revolutionary Leaders in the Americas
1. Toussaint L’Ouverture: former slave and leader of revolt
a. Haiti during French Revolution
b. Freed slaves
c. Jean-Jacques Dessalines: replace L’Ouverture

3. 2. Simon Bolivar
a. Wealth Creole in Venezuela
b. “Liberator” – George Washington of South America
c. Freedom for Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Ecuador
3. Jose de San Martin
a. Creole in Argentina
b. Freed Argentina, Chile, Peru
4. Miguel Hidalgo
a. Priest in Mexico
b. Defeated by army
5. Jose Marie Morelos
a. Priest in Mexico after Hidalgo
6. Revolution in Spain led to Mexican independence
7. Dom Pedro
a. Son of King John of Portugal
b. Leader after bloodless revolution in Brazil

4. Europe Faces Revolutions
A. Three Schools of Political Thought
1. Conservative: usually wealthy property owners and nobility; argued
for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe
2. Liberal: mostly middle-class business leader and merchants; wanted
to give more power to elected parliaments but only the educated
and the landowners could vote
3. Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people;
believed that government should practice the ideals of the French
Revolution – liberty, equality, and brotherhood
B. Nationalism: the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation;
that is to the people with whom they share a culture and history; rather
than to a king or empire
1. Nation-state: an independent geopolitical unit of people having a
common culture and identity
2. Liberals and radicals believed in nationalism
3. The Balkans: the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by
Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey,
and the former republics of Yugoslavia
a. Greek nationalism and Belgian nationalism succeed
b. Italian nationalism and Polish nationalism fail

5. C. More Changes in France
1. Radicals and mobs remove King Charles X
2. Louis-Philippe placed as leader
3. Mobs drive Louis-Philippe out after 18 years
4. Radical mobs fight among themselves and lose public support
5. Moderates draw up constitution w/parliament and president
6. Louis-Napoleon elected president
a. Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
b. After 4 yrs declares himself emperor
c. Takes title of Emperor Napoleon III
d. Program of public works
e. People happy
D. Russia Almost Reforms
1. Retain feudal system
2. Lack of social and economic development
3. loss in Crimean War because of
4. Alexander II: becomes czar with father’s death
a. Freed serfs
b. Half of farmland to peasant communities (pay for)
c. Half of farmland remain with nobles (gov’t paid)
d. Assassinated
e. Alexander III successor tighten czars control

6. Nationalism
A. Nationalism: A force for Unity or Disunity
1. Nationalism: the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their
country rather than a king or empire
2. Insert the chart on page 258 into your notes here
B. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
1. Austrian Empire breaks up
2. Russian Empire breaks up
a. Russification: the process of forcing Russian culture on all
ethnic groups in the Russian Empire
b. Weakened empire
c. Could not fight World War I and Communism at once
3. Ottoman Empire weakens under pressure in and out
C. Italy Unites
1. Begins in Piedmont-Sardinia
2. Camillo di Cavour: prime minister of P-S
a. French/Sardinia war vs. Austria
b. Almost successful except Venetia

7. 3. Giuseppe Garibaldi: nationalist soldier led revolt
a. Red shirts
b. Captured Sicily
c. Captured southern mainland of Italian peninsula
d. Gave conquest of King Victor-Emmanual II of Sardinia
e. Peacefully acquired Venetia and Papal State
f. Rome becomes capital of new nation
D. Germany Unites
1. Austrian dominated German Confederation
2. German speaking Prussia leads unification
3. Wilhelm I problems with parliament
a. Junkers: strongly conservative members of Prussia’s
wealthy landowning class
b. Otto von Bismarck: Junker named as prime minister
c. Realpolitik: the politics of reality – the practice of tough
politics without room for idealism
d. Violate constitution rule without consent or budget
4. Prussian-Austrian alliance in war against Denmark
5. Prussian Seven Weeks’ War with Austria
6. Franco-Prussian War for southern German states
7. King Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser (emperor) of Second Reich

8. Revolutions in the Arts
A. The Romantic Movement
1. Romanticism: an early 19th century movement in art and thought
which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society
a. Emphasized inner feelings, emotion and imagination
b. Mysterious, supernatural, exotic, grotesque, horrifying
c. Untamed nature
d. Idealized the past as a simpler time
e. Glorified heroes
f. Folk traditions
g. Common people
h. Radical change and democracy
2. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Byron, Shelley, …
3. Beethoven Mendelssohn, Chopin, Verdi, Wagner
B. Shift to Realism
1. Realism: 19th artistic movement in which writers and painters
sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be
2. Daguerreotypes: first practical photographs
3. Balzac, Zola, Dickens

9. C. Impressionist React
1. Impressionism: a movement in 19th century painting in which artists
reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of
subjects or moments in time
2. Monet, Degas, Renoir
3. Ravel, Debussy