1. Indian Nationalism & Decolonization

2. 1858 British take political control of India

3. Causes of Indian nationalism: 1. discontent with British rule 2. India unified 3. leadership 4. common language 5. new print culture 6. nationalist orgs.

4. Political Nationalism desire for  political freedoms:  suffrage   Indians in government  independence

5. Cultural Nationalism development of “Indian” cultural identity rewrite histories  Hinduism  math/sciences  art

6. Indian National Congress 1885 1 st – Indian elite only 1920s – mass movement (Gandhi) moderate constitutional methods Alan Octavian Hume, founder of Indian National Indian National Union, which became INC

7. Swadeshi Movement early 1900s Swadeshi = “one’s own country,” self- sufficiency  boycott British goods  Indians produce own goods  nationalist education nationalism = mass movement

8. Muslim League 1906 seek Muslim political rights Muhammad Ali Jinnah – leader of Muslim League, founder of Pakistan, and first Governor-General of Pakistan

9. Gandhi (1869-1948) leader of INC, 1920s- 1930s nonviolence (satyagraha)

10. Chronology - early life & training for his future role: 1869 – born in Gujarat 1888-1891 – study law in Britain 1893-1899, 1902-1915 – fight racism in SA

11. Chronology – protest against British rule builds & Gandhi becomes Indian leader: 1915 – Satyagraha Ashram 1919 – Amritsar Massacre 1922-1924 – imprisonment 1924 – fast: Hindu-Muslim unity 1930 – Salt March January 1948 – fast: Hindu-Muslim unity 1948 – assassinated

13. Gandhi and followers on the Salt March

14. On the beach at Dandi, the end of the Salt March

15. Issues in the Indian nationalist movement method – nonviolence vs. violence religion – Hinduism vs. Islam women’s rights Q of westernization/modernization

16. Independence August 14, 1947 – Pakistan (Muslim majority) August 15, 1947 – India (Hindu majority)

17. India before (left) and after (right) 1947

18. Post-Independence Violence Hindu vs. Muslim 1 million deaths 12 million relocated Gandhi’s fast  success

19. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) 1st PM of India (1947- 1964) goal: modernize India, via socialist economics & democratic politics