1. 24 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900
QUIT 24
CHAPTER
Nationalist Revolutions
Sweep the West, 1789–1900
Chapter Overview
Time Line 1
Latin American Peoples Win Independence
SECTION 2
Revolutions Disrupt Europe
SECTION
SECTION 3
Patterns of Change: Nationalism
MAP
GRAPH 4
Revolutions in the Arts
SECTION
Visual Summary

2. 24 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900
HOME 24
CHAPTER
Nationalist Revolutions
Sweep the West, 1789–1900
Chapter Overview
During the first half of the century, Romantic idealism and nationalism spark revolutions in Latin America and Europe. Latin Americans succeed in throwing off colonial rule. However, revolutions throughout Europe fail to achieve their goals.

3. 24 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900 HOME Time Line
CHAPTER
Nationalist Revolutions
Sweep the West, 1789–1900
Time Line
1804 Haiti wins freedom from France.
1830 Greece gains independence.
1861 Russia frees peasants.
1871 Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser of united Germany.
1789
1900
1810 Padre Hidalgo issues Grito de Dolores, calling for Mexican independence.
1848 Revolts shake Europe.
1870 Italy unites.

4. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
HOME 1
Latin American Peoples
Win Independence
Key Idea
A slave revolt in Haiti leads to independence from French rule. Freedom from colonial rule is achieved throughout Latin America, but independence does not bring unity and prosperity as some liberators had hoped.
Overview
Assessment

5. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
HOME 1
Latin American Peoples
Win Independence
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• peninsulares
• creoles
• mulattos
• Simón Bolívar
• José de San Martín
• Miguel Hidalgo
• José Morelos
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fought colonial rule.
Sixteen of today’s Latin American nations gained their independence at this time.
Assessment

6. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
HOME 1
Latin American Peoples
Win Independence
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare independence movements in Latin America.
Where?
Who rebelled?
Why?
What happened?
Haiti
Spanish South America
Mexico
Brazil
Slaves
Freedom
Independence
Creoles
Freedom
Independence
Native Americans and mestizos/creoles
Slavery
Independence
Creoles and royal family
End colonial rule
Independence
continued . . .

7. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
HOME 1
Latin American Peoples
Win Independence
Section 1
Assessment
2. Think about the background of many creole revolutionaries. What do you think might have been their tendencies as government leaders: toward democracy or authoritarianism? Explain your answer. THINK ABOUT
• their education
• their professions
• their economic interests
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Democracy—With their education, skills, and economic interests, creoles might become democratic leaders.
Authoritarianism—As military officers, creoles might use weapons instead of elections to resolve political disputes.
continued . . .

8. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
HOME 1
Latin American Peoples
Win Independence
Section 1
Assessment
3. Consider the following statement: “Through its policies, Spain gave up its right to rule in South America.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain. Did Spain ever have the right to rule? THINK ABOUT
• Spanish colonial society
• why independence movements arose
• who gained the power that Spain lost
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Agree—Spain oppressed people in Latin America, so Spain deserved to lose its colonies.
Disagree—Spain ruled its colonies by accepted European standards.
End of Section 1

9. Revolutions Disrupt Europe Key Idea 2
HOME 2
Revolutions
Disrupt Europe
Key Idea
The forces of nationalism bring revolutions in Europe. With the exception of Greece, most revolutions fail, and by mid-century most of Europe returns to authoritarian rule.
Overview
Assessment

10. Revolutions Disrupt Europe Overview 2 • conservatives • liberals
HOME 2
Revolutions
Disrupt Europe
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• conservatives
• liberals
• radicals
• nationalism
• nation-state
• the Balkans
• Louis-Napoleon
• Alexander II
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe.
The system of nation-states established in Europe during this period continues today.
Assessment

11. Revolts against the Old Order
HOME 2
Revolutions
Disrupt Europe
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major uprisings that challenged the old order of Europe in 1821, in 1830, and in 1848.
1848
Revolts against the Old Order
1821
1830
Greece rebels against Ottoman Turks.
Italians try to unite.
Belgians declare independence from the Dutch.
Poles rebel against Russia.
French throw out Charles X.
Liberals revolt in the German states.
Hungarians call for self-government
Czechs demand independence for Bohemia.
French demand democratic government.
continued . . .

12. Revolutions Disrupt Europe 2 2
HOME 2
Revolutions
Disrupt Europe
Section 2
Assessment
2. Why do you think some liberals might disapprove of the way Louis-Napoleon ruled France after the uprisings of 1848? THINK ABOUT
• who the liberals were and what they believed in
• conditions in France in 1848
• Louis-Napoleon’s actions and policies
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Liberals wanted to give power to parliaments, but Louis-Napoleon declared himself sole ruler.
End of Section 2

13. Nationalism Key Idea CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany 3
HOME 3
Nationalism
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany
MAP
GRAPH
Key Idea
The idea of nationalism eventually causes the breakup of the Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman empires. Italy is united through the efforts of Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour. Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck succeeds in uniting and strengthening Germany.
Overview
Assessment

14. Nationalism Overview CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany 3
HOME 3
Nationalism
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany
MAP
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Camillo di Cavour
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Red Shirts
• Otto von Bismarck
• realpolitik
• kaiser
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The force of nationalism contributed to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe.
Nationalism is the basis of world politics today and has often caused conflicts and wars.
Assessment

15. Nationalism 3 CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany 3
HOME 3
Nationalism
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany
MAP
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the development of independent nation-states in Europe.
1800
1900
1815
Congress of Vienna
1830
Greece wins independence from Ottomans.
1848
Revolts throughout Europe
1861
Victor Emmanuel II declared king of Italy.
1866
Seven Weeks’ War between Prussia and Austria
1870
Franco-Prussian War
1871
William I crowned kaiser of new German Empire.
continued . . .

16. Nationalism 3 CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany 3
HOME 3
Nationalism
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany
MAP
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
2. Read the quotation from Bismarck’s “blood and iron” speech. How would you say his approach to settling political issues differed from the approach of liberals? THINK ABOUT
• the goals of liberals
• the meaning of the phrase “blood and iron”
• Bismarck’s goals and how he attained them
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Liberals wanted government by elected parliaments—issues would be settled by majority decisions.
Bismarck preferred to settle issues by “blood and iron”—the blood of soldiers and the iron of weapons (or military equipment).
continued . . .

17. Nationalism 3 CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany 3
HOME 3
Nationalism
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany
MAP
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
3. How might Cavour and Garibaldi have criticized each other as contributors to Italian unity? THINK ABOUT
• the personalities of the two men
• methods used by Cavour and Garibaldi to win Italian unity
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Cavour might have criticized Garibaldi for being an impractical idealist who was unable to lead a unified country. Garibaldi might have criticized Cavour for being a cold-hearted opportunist who was more interested in power than in a unified Italy.
End of Section 3

18. Revolutions in the Arts
HOME 4
Revolutions in the Arts
Key Idea
During the first half of the 1800s, the Romantic movement in art, literature, and music arises in reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment. By mid-century, writers and artists shift to Realism in response to the harsh realities of the Industrial Age.
Overview
Assessment

19. Revolutions in the Arts
HOME 4
Revolutions in the Arts
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• romanticism
• realism
• impressionism
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Artistic and intellectual movements both reflected and fueled changes in Europe during the 1800s.
Romanticism and realism continue to dominate the novels, dramas, and films produced today.
Assessment

20. Revolutions in the Arts
HOME 4
Revolutions in the Arts
Section 4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Contrast romanticism, realism, and impressionism. For each movement, provide a brief description, the social conditions that each reflects, and representative artists.
Movement
Description
Social conditions
Artists
Romanticism
Realism
Impressionism
Emotional approach
Common people in heroic fight against tyranny
Byron, Beethoven, Victor Hugo
Objective approach
Everyday working people and the problems of Industrial Age
Balzac, Zola, Dickens, Courbet
Using light and color to catch the fleeting moment
A more positive view of urban, industrialized society
Manet, Monet, Degas, Renoir
continued . . .

21. Revolutions in the Arts
HOME 4
Revolutions in the Arts
Section 4
Assessment
2.  How might a realist novel bring about changes in society? Describe the steps by which this might happen.
THINK ABOUT
• the conditions described in realist novels
• who reads realist novels
• how political change takes place
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Realist novels often describe unhealthy conditions in factories or neighborhoods. They also focus on the suffering of workers. Sympathetic readers might connect the fictional conditions with actual conditions. News reporters might then investigate. Voters might complain to local politicians, who would introduce legislation.
End of Section 4