1. “African Independence”

2. Africans in WWI Role: Served w/allies (colonial powers)
Served as front line troops
Served in auxiliary roles
Only saw action in Africa
WWI Impact on Africa:
Africans who served return to villages
with new ideas about freedoms
Western ideas taught in African schools
Africans organize nationalist groups

3. Africans in WWII Role: Served as front line troops and in
auxiliary roles
Provided resources to the Allies
Saw action in Middle East, Italy, Burma,
Italy, and North and East Africa
WWI Impact on Africa:
Turning Point in African History!!!!!
Post-war: Africans no longer satisfied
to remain under colonial control
Wave of nationalism seeps across Africa

4. African Nationalism
Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a nation or culture
Pan-Africanism: A movement, founded around 1900, to secure equal rights, self-government, independence, and unity for African peoples

5. The British Colonies Ghana Background:
First colony to gain independence
Colonial name: The Gold Coast
Ghana
Leader(s):
Kwame Nkrumah: nationalist &
independence leader
Process:
Use civil disobedience
1948 riots in Accra = British reforms
Convention People’s Party created
1951 British allow free elections
= CPP wins majority
1957 British grant independence

6. The British Colonies Kenya Background:
Inspired by Ghana’s independence
Colonial name: British East Africa
Leader(s):
Jomo Kenyatta: independence
leader/kikuyu
Kikuyu: largest ethnic group
Mau Mau: Kikuyu guerilla group
Kenya
Process:
1950’s British allow role in govt.
whites oppose = loose land/crops
Mau Mau Rebellion: violent rebellion
against British
1963 Kikuyu win elections and
declare independence

7. The British Colonies Malawi Zambia Zimbabwe Background: Leader(s):
Colonial name: British Central Africa
1953 Federation of Rhodesia &
Nyasaland created (multiracial)
Leader(s):
Robert Mugabe: African leader
in civil war; 1st prime minister
Process:
1963 African majority
votes to withdraw
1964 Zambia & Malawi
created
1965 Southern Rhodesia
breaks away = civil war
(whites vs. Africans)
1979 elections held
1980 Mugabe leader
& land renamed Zimbabwe
Malawi
Zambia
Zimbabwe

8. The British Colonies Nigeria Background:
Igbo people ruled from 10th C. to
1911 when British took over
1914 divided south (wealthy) &
north (poor)
1936 slavery outlawed in north
Nigeria
Process:
1960 British grant them
independence
Nigerian Civil War
Military rule = oil boom
Democracy to Military
rule (back and forth)
Leader(s):
Nnamdi Azikiwe: first president

9. The French Colonies Senegal Guinea Background:
French Goal: integrate African
colonies into post-WWII French
Union
Colonial name: French West Africa
Senegal
Guinea
Cote D’Ivoire
Leader(s):
Sekou Toure: independence
leader of Guinea
Charles de Gaulle: French leader
Process:
Nationalist parties form
1958 French ultimatum = Join
French Union or Independence
1958 Guinea breaks away
1960 Senegal & Ivory Coast
granted independence

10. The French Colonies Algeria Background: French colony since 1800’s
Leader(s):
Ahmed Ben Bella: FLN leader and
1st president
Charles de Gaulle: French leader
Process:
National Liberation Front (FLN)
demands independence
1954 Algerian War of Independence
1958 de Gaulle offers 3 options
1962 France grants independence

11. The Belgian Colonies Congo Background:
Congo rich in resources & minerals
Congolese people are tribal =
WWII brought unity
Leader(s):
Patrice Lumumba: independence
leader & 1st prime minister
Joseph Mobutu: military leader &
dictator; seizes power after civil war
Congo
Process:
1955 Belgium sets 30 year timetable
1959 violent protests in capital
June 1960 gain independence
civil war = new govt. vs. military
1965 Mobutu and military seize control
name changed to Zaire
70’s-90’s poor economy
1994 Rwandan genocide =
refugees & destabilization
Mobutu forced out & exiled
1997 renamed Dem of Congo

12. The Portuguese Colonies
Background:
Post-WWII = Liberation Armies est.
Colonial Name: Portuguese Guinea,
West Africa, and East Africa
Guinea-
Bissau
Leader(s):
Liberation Army: military units
created to fight for independence
Angola
Process:
1950’s-70’s bloody revolts
= Portugal vs. Liberation Armies
1974 coup in Portugal = colonial
withdrawal from Africa
Independent nations of Guinea-Bissau,
Angola, and Mozambique
Mozambique

13. South Africa South Africa Background: 1795 British seize land (Dutch)
1806 becomes a British colony
Boers settle in Orange Free State
and found Boer Republic
1880 1st Boer War: Boers (Natives)
vs. British for mineral wealth
1899 2nd Boer War
1909 South Africa Act places all
areas under British control
1931 South Africa granted
independence from Britain
Afrikaners = 75% of population
13% of land & poor
Whites = 25% of population
87% of land & wealthy
South
Africa

14. South Africa Leader(s): Nelson Mandela: ANC leader
and 1st African president of
South Africa
Steven Biko: anti-apartheid
leader in South Africa
Desmond Tutu: Anglican bishop
and anti-apartheid crusader
who preached non-violence
F.W. de Klerk: military leader &
dictator; seizes power after civil war
South
Africa

15. South Africa South Africa Process: Apartheid: legal racial segregation
in South Africa (1948)
African National Congress created;
political party against apartheid
1961 South Africa becomes a republic
1976 govt. crackdown against protests
1980’s world leaders & nations place
sanctions on South Africa b/c apartheid
1989 K.W. de Klerk becomes president;
makes reforms in South Africa
1994 free elections held; Nelson
Mandela elected first black president
South
Africa