1. Europe in the 19 th Century The Beginnings of Modern Europe

2. Europe in 1814 Napoleon had been exiled to Elba. Napoleon had been exiled to Elba. Delegates met in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe after 25 years of war. This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna. Delegates met in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe after 25 years of war. This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna. The main countries were Austria, England, Russia, and France. The main countries were Austria, England, Russia, and France.

3. Goals of the Congress of Vienna Redrawing the Map of Europe. Redrawing the Map of Europe. France returned the lands it had captured under Napoleon. France returned the lands it had captured under Napoleon. Payment of indemnities to other countries. Payment of indemnities to other countries. The establishment of “buffer states” around France to control future expansion. These states would be neutral. The establishment of “buffer states” around France to control future expansion. These states would be neutral. Dividing Prussia up between Russia and Prussia. Dividing Prussia up between Russia and Prussia.

4. Map of Europe - 1815

5. Delegates Many of the delegates to the congress were reactionaries. They want to return Europe to the way it was in 1789. Many of the delegates to the congress were reactionaries. They want to return Europe to the way it was in 1789. The group that opposed them were the liberals. They wanted the spread of enlightened thought and reform to continue. The group that opposed them were the liberals. They wanted the spread of enlightened thought and reform to continue. The reactionaries resisted the nationalists that wanted self rule. The reactionaries resisted the nationalists that wanted self rule.

6. Alliances Countries that wanted to stop the spread of nationalism formed alliances. Countries that wanted to stop the spread of nationalism formed alliances. They believed that nationalism would lead to revolution. They believed that nationalism would lead to revolution. The countries of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia form the Quadruple Alliance to enforce the directives of the Congress of Vienna. The countries of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia form the Quadruple Alliance to enforce the directives of the Congress of Vienna.

7. Concert of Europe For the next 30 years, Austrian, Count Metternich used the alliance to further his own political goals. For the next 30 years, Austrian, Count Metternich used the alliance to further his own political goals. Many times, alliance soldiers were used to put down nationalist movements in Europe. Many times, alliance soldiers were used to put down nationalist movements in Europe.

8. Unification of Italy In 1815, there were many small kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula. The desire for independence and economic freedom lead to a nationalist movement. In 1815, there were many small kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula. The desire for independence and economic freedom lead to a nationalist movement. The earliest movement was Risorgimento, meaning resurgence or revival. The earliest movement was Risorgimento, meaning resurgence or revival.

9. Italy (Con’t) The most effective speaker was Guisseppe Mazzini. He believed in the idea of a nation-state. The most effective speaker was Guisseppe Mazzini. He believed in the idea of a nation-state. In January 1848, Mazzini inspired nationalists claimed the island of Sicily. In January 1848, Mazzini inspired nationalists claimed the island of Sicily.

10. Revolutions of 1848 In 1848, there were revolutions in France and Austria. This caused the Italian nationalists to rise up and claim Northern Italy. In 1848, there were revolutions in France and Austria. This caused the Italian nationalists to rise up and claim Northern Italy. The support of Mazzini nationalist movement in the north was affected by the withdrawal of the Pope’s armies. The support of Mazzini nationalist movement in the north was affected by the withdrawal of the Pope’s armies. The nationalists then caused the Pope to flee Rome. The nationalists then caused the Pope to flee Rome.

11. 1848 The nationalists declared Rome a republic and summoned Mazzini to head the new government. The nationalists declared Rome a republic and summoned Mazzini to head the new government. The Catholic countries of Austria, France, and Spain then sent troops into Rome to restore the Pope. The Catholic countries of Austria, France, and Spain then sent troops into Rome to restore the Pope. This caused many Italians to abandon the revolutionary ways of Mazzini. This caused many Italians to abandon the revolutionary ways of Mazzini.

12. Count Cavour and Northern Italy In 1849, Victor Emmanuel II became king of Sardinia. In 1849, Victor Emmanuel II became king of Sardinia. In the next few years, he tried to keep popular support for Italian unity alive. In the next few years, he tried to keep popular support for Italian unity alive. He enlisted the support of Count Cavour He enlisted the support of Count Cavour

13. War with Austria Cavour was convinced that Sardinia would need foreign help to rid Northern Italy from Austria. Cavour was convinced that Sardinia would need foreign help to rid Northern Italy from Austria. Sardinia allied itself with Great Britain and France against the Russians during the Crimean War. Sardinia allied itself with Great Britain and France against the Russians during the Crimean War. After the war, Cavour met with the leader of France for help in ridding Northern Italy of Austria. After the war, Cavour met with the leader of France for help in ridding Northern Italy of Austria. By April 1860, the King of Sardinia was in control. By April 1860, the King of Sardinia was in control.

14. Garibaldi and Southern Italy Southern Italy was isolated from the nationalist movement in the north. Southern Italy was isolated from the nationalist movement in the north. The death of Ferdinand II changed that. The Young Italy movement was ready for revolution. The death of Ferdinand II changed that. The Young Italy movement was ready for revolution. Their commander was an adventurer named Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their commander was an adventurer named Giuseppe Garibaldi.

15. Young Italy As a young man, Garibaldi was forced into exile in south America. As a young man, Garibaldi was forced into exile in south America. It was here that he learned guerilla tactics. It was here that he learned guerilla tactics. He put these tactics to good use once he returned to Italy in 1860. He put these tactics to good use once he returned to Italy in 1860.

16. Italy in 1858

17. Unification - 1871 By October 1860, Garibaldi and Cavour’s forced met and Garibaldi gave up his lands to Victor Emmanuel. By October 1860, Garibaldi and Cavour’s forced met and Garibaldi gave up his lands to Victor Emmanuel. Italy had become an independent nation but there were some problems: Italy had become an independent nation but there were some problems: Where to locate the capital? Where to locate the capital? Sardinia’s customs and laws? Sardinia’s customs and laws? Threat of civil war? Threat of civil war?

18. The Unification of Germany Germany was the last European nation to become unified. Germany was the last European nation to become unified. The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation to act as a buffer nation to protect Europe against future threats from France. The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation to act as a buffer nation to protect Europe against future threats from France. The most powerful of these German states was Prussia. The most powerful of these German states was Prussia.

19. German Confederation

20. Prussia Prussia had a well organized government and strong economy. Prussia had a well organized government and strong economy. Political power was in the hands of a powerful aristocratic group called the Junkers. Political power was in the hands of a powerful aristocratic group called the Junkers. There was a small but increasingly vocal middle class that wanted to participate in the government. There was a small but increasingly vocal middle class that wanted to participate in the government.

21. Trade Agreement of 1834 & Revolutions of 1848 In 1834, the German states eliminated trade barriers and established a trade union called Zollverein. In 1834, the German states eliminated trade barriers and established a trade union called Zollverein. The trade union strengthened the power of Prussia. The trade union strengthened the power of Prussia. In 1848, revolutions swept across Europe. The Prussian military stepped in and seized power and put down street riots. In 1848, revolutions swept across Europe. The Prussian military stepped in and seized power and put down street riots.

22. Rise of Bismarck In 1861, William I became ruler of Prussia. He wanted to build the military but was opposed by the Prussian assembly. In 1861, William I became ruler of Prussia. He wanted to build the military but was opposed by the Prussian assembly. William appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister William appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister

23. Realpolitik and “Blood and Iron” Bismarck was a member of the Junkers and believed that a nation had the right to do anything for it’s advantage. Bismarck was a member of the Junkers and believed that a nation had the right to do anything for it’s advantage. In September 1861, Bismarck stated that “the great issues of the time would not be decided by speeches and majority decisions, but by blood and iron.” In September 1861, Bismarck stated that “the great issues of the time would not be decided by speeches and majority decisions, but by blood and iron.” He then began to tax the population to strengthen the military. He then began to tax the population to strengthen the military.

24. Three Wars Bismarck once said, “Show me an objective worthy of war and I’ll go along with you.” Bismarck once said, “Show me an objective worthy of war and I’ll go along with you.” To unite all the German speaking peoples, Prussia went to war three times in the period 1863-1870. To unite all the German speaking peoples, Prussia went to war three times in the period 1863-1870. War with Denmark for Schleswig and Holstein. War with Denmark for Schleswig and Holstein. Seven Weeks’ War against Austria. Seven Weeks’ War against Austria. Franco-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War

25. Franco-Prussian War In 1870, Bismarck moved to add the southern German states of Bavaria and Württemberg. In 1870, Bismarck moved to add the southern German states of Bavaria and Württemberg. France was a major obstacle to German unification. France was a major obstacle to German unification. The question of Spanish succession of 1868 gave Bismarck the opportunity to act. The question of Spanish succession of 1868 gave Bismarck the opportunity to act.

26. Spanish Succession William I offered a member of his family (Hohenzollern) as monarch of Spain. France objected. William I offered a member of his family (Hohenzollern) as monarch of Spain. France objected. France demanded that a Hohenzollern sit on the Spanish throne. France demanded that a Hohenzollern sit on the Spanish throne. The French ruler, Napoleon III feared a Prussian-Spanish alliance. The French ruler, Napoleon III feared a Prussian-Spanish alliance.

27. Ems Telegram In July 1870, William sent a telegram to Bismarck. The telegram told Bismarck of William’s conversation with the French ambassador. In July 1870, William sent a telegram to Bismarck. The telegram told Bismarck of William’s conversation with the French ambassador. Bismarck rewrote the telegram and deliberately insulting the French. Bismarck rewrote the telegram and deliberately insulting the French. The telegram was released to the press. The telegram was released to the press. The French were outraged and declared war on Prussia. The French were quickly defeated. The French were outraged and declared war on Prussia. The French were quickly defeated.

28. Franco-Prussian War Bismarck’s military had built a secret weapon that enabled the armies to move across the country quickly. Bismarck’s military had built a secret weapon that enabled the armies to move across the country quickly. As a result of the French defeat, they lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. These areas were rich in both iron ore and coal deposits. As a result of the French defeat, they lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. These areas were rich in both iron ore and coal deposits.

29. German Unification - 1871

30. German Unification In January 1871, William assumed the title of Kaiser or emperor of a united Germany. In January 1871, William assumed the title of Kaiser or emperor of a united Germany. Bismarck took the title of Chancellor. Bismarck took the title of Chancellor. Although Germany was united, there were economic, cultural, and social problems. Although Germany was united, there were economic, cultural, and social problems. Germany began to rapidly industrialize. Germany began to rapidly industrialize. One of the greatest challenges to Bismarck was from the Catholic Church. One of the greatest challenges to Bismarck was from the Catholic Church.

31. Kulturkampf The struggle between the Protestants and Catholics. The struggle between the Protestants and Catholics. Bismarck believed the Catholics were anti- nationalists and supported the Protestants. Bismarck believed the Catholics were anti- nationalists and supported the Protestants. The Pope, Pius IX, battled Bismarck’s attempts to limit the power of the Church. The Pope, Pius IX, battled Bismarck’s attempts to limit the power of the Church. In 1872, the government passed the May Laws, that severely limited the power of the Catholic Church. In 1872, the government passed the May Laws, that severely limited the power of the Catholic Church.

32. Bismarck and the Socialists As Germany began to rapidly industrialize, the workers carried the wealthy middle and upper classes. As Germany began to rapidly industrialize, the workers carried the wealthy middle and upper classes. As more machines were introduced, worker pay and benefits decreased. As more machines were introduced, worker pay and benefits decreased. German workers turned towards a new, more democratic, government that would address their concerns. They began to support a socialist named Ferdinand Lassalle. German workers turned towards a new, more democratic, government that would address their concerns. They began to support a socialist named Ferdinand Lassalle.

33. Bismarck and Socialism Lasalle did not advocate revolution but political action to address the injustices of capitalism. Lasalle did not advocate revolution but political action to address the injustices of capitalism. Bismarck believed that the socialists were a threat to German unity. He attempted to show the workers that the government, not the socialists had their best interests at heart. Bismarck believed that the socialists were a threat to German unity. He attempted to show the workers that the government, not the socialists had their best interests at heart.

34. Bismarck’s Reforms Bismarck acted to blunt the socialists’ claims that the government was only concerned with money. Bismarck acted to blunt the socialists’ claims that the government was only concerned with money. He directed several laws through the legislature that provided the workers with some comfort and security. He directed several laws through the legislature that provided the workers with some comfort and security. Sickness Insurance Law (1883) Sickness Insurance Law (1883) Old Age Insurance Law (1889) Old Age Insurance Law (1889)

35. Bismarck’s Fall from Power In 1888, William died and was succeeded by his son, Frederick. In 1888, William died and was succeeded by his son, Frederick. Frederick was more liberal-minded than his father and had opposed much of what Bismarck had done to unite Germany. Frederick was more liberal-minded than his father and had opposed much of what Bismarck had done to unite Germany. However, Frederick died 100 days after becoming Kaiser and power passed to his son, William II. However, Frederick died 100 days after becoming Kaiser and power passed to his son, William II.

36. William II and Bismarck William II was militaristic and supported a powerful military. William II was militaristic and supported a powerful military. He believed that the Kaiser was the absolute authority in Germany. This brought him into immediate conflict with Bismarck. He believed that the Kaiser was the absolute authority in Germany. This brought him into immediate conflict with Bismarck. One of Bismarck’s favorite tactics was to threaten to resign as Chancellor. When William and Bismarck began to disagree, he offered his resignation and it was accepted by William. One of Bismarck’s favorite tactics was to threaten to resign as Chancellor. When William and Bismarck began to disagree, he offered his resignation and it was accepted by William. Bismarck’s power had ended. Bismarck’s power had ended.

37. Germany Under Bismarck, Germany had become a major power in Europe. Under Bismarck, Germany had become a major power in Europe. However, his strict rule kept Germany from developing a democratic government. However, his strict rule kept Germany from developing a democratic government. After Bismarck, Germany continued to become one of the world’s industrial and military powers. After Bismarck, Germany continued to become one of the world’s industrial and military powers.