1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789-1900
CHAPTER 8

2. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1

3. Colonial Society Divided
Creoles = officers in Spanish
colonial armies but no
political power

4. Revolutions in the Americas
Enlightenment ideals spread (late 1700s)
American Revolution (1776)
French Revolution (late 1700s – early 1800s)

5. Haiti
Slave rebellion led by Toussaint L’Ouverture on island of Hispaniola
First black colony to free itself from European control

6. Creoles Lead Independence
Wealthy and educated
Studied Enlightenment ideas in Europe
Felt no loyalty to King Joseph of Spain (brother of Napoleon)

7. Simon Bolivar /Jose de San Martin
Liberates Argentina in 1816
Chile (1817)
Bolivar leads a unified army and obtains independence for Peru
Gran Colombia
1819 leads independence movement for Venezuela

8. Mexico Leaders = Indians and mestizos Violence
1810 – Padre Miguel Hidalgo leads 80,000 lower class men in march to Mexico City
Padre Jose Maria Morelos leads for 4 years
Iturbide gains independence in 1821
Central America overthrow Iturbide in 1823

9. Brazil Prince John of Portugal flees Napoleon and goes to Brazil
After his return to Portugal, creoles demand independence
1822 – Dom Pedro declares independence with no violence

10. Liberator of Latin America Journal Entry
1. Pick a leader (L’Ouverture, Bolivar, San Martin, Hidalgo, Dome Pedro)
2. Write a journal entry describing your steps towards independence (two paragraphs of 3-5 sentences)
3. Make sure to explain your actions and how events in Europe influenced your revolution.
Extra Credit – include a drawing on separate sheet of paper.

11. Review Questions Section 1
1. Who led the independence movement in Haiti and what type of people participated?
2. Who led the independence movements in the Spanish colonies in the Americas and what type of people participated?
3. What type of people follow Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico’s independence movement?
4. How was Brazil’s independence different?

12. Europe Faces Revolutions
Section 2

13. Philosophies 1. Conservative 2. Liberal 3. Radical Rich, nobles
Traditional monarchy
2. Liberal
Middle-class
Educated + landowners should vote
More power to elected parliaments
3. Radical
Democracy for all
Liberty, equality, brotherhood
Poor, students

14. Nationalism Develops
The belief that people’s loyalty should not be to a king/empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture + history

15. Nationalism
Collective set of held values, customs, traditions, language, and beliefs held by most in the nation
What kinds of values are collectively shared by a group of people?

16. Nationalism Gives Rise to Nation State
Nation-state = a nation with its own independent govt. that defends its territory + way of life
Liberals were in favor of creating nation-states with constitutional govt.
Conservatives against it
Old empires collapse

17. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Greek independence in 1827
Ruled by Ottoman Empire
Kept their ancient history and culture alive
1830s uprising
Belgians from Dutch
Italian uprising crushed by Metternich (from the pope + Austria)
Polish uprising crushed by Russians

18. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
Ethnic uprisings in Austria, Hungary, Czech are crushed by conservatives
Leads to Metternich’s resignation

19. Radicals Change France
Radicals demand democratic govt.
King Charles wants to be an absolute monarch
Leads to riots
Louis-Philippe is replaced by a republic
Radicals do not get along and republic collapses
Moderate constitution and a strong president
Louis-Napoleon (1848) wins election
Builds railroads, bridges (encouraged industrialization)

20. Reform in Russia Not industrialized
Many believe serfdom (peasants bound to nobles whose land they worked on) is morally wrong
But landowners support czar
After loss in the Crimean War, Alexander II moves Russia towards modernization and social reforms
Frees the serfs (1861)
Alexander II is assassinated in 1881
Social reforms stop
Industrialization is encouraged to strengthen the country

21. Nationalism
Section 3

22. Unity vs. Disunity
People of a single ancestry should be united under a single govt.

23. Austro-Hungarian Empire
Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, Italians
Lose territory to Prussia
Hungarians want independence
Empire is split into two parts
After WWI it no longer exists

24. Russian Empire
Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks
Russification – forcing Russian culture on everyone in the empire – increases ____________ feelings
After WWI the empire falls

25. Ottoman Empire Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians
Ottomans grant equal citizenship
Conservative Turks massacred Armenians
Tension in the empire
Collapses after WWI

26. Cavour Unites Italy
Prime Minister of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia defeats Austrians and takes all of northern Italy
Alliance with France and nationalist rebels help him unify Italy

27. Garibaldi Help from Cavour Captures Sicily
Unites southern Italy with kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

28. King Victor Emmanuel II
Garibaldi steps aside
Conquers Venetia (Austrians) and the Papal States
Unified Italy

29. Bismarck Unites Germany
German speaking people in German Confederation (controlled by Austrian Empire) + Prussia
King Wilhelm of Prussia selects Otto von Bismarck as prime minister
Realpolitik – “the politics of reality”
Expand Prussia
Rule without approval of Parliament
Rule with “blood and iron”
Weak devoured by strong

30. Seven Weeks’ War
Prussia provokes war with Austria and wins control of northern Germany

31. Franco-Prussian War Independent southern German states are Catholic
Manipulates war with France and wins
Nationalist feelings increase in the South
1871 – Prussia becomes Germany and King Wilhelm I is crowned Kaiser (emperor)
Balance of power breaks down

32. Revolutions in the Arts
Section 4

33. Romanticism Emotion Nature Imagination Mysterious Exotic Horrifying
Celebrated heroes, folk traditions, music, cultural pride -> encouraged nationalism
Poetry

34. Romanticism turned from reason to ____________ and encouraged nationalism by _____________.

39. A monster created
From dead bodies (corpses)

40. ____________ stories were hugely popular like ________________.

41. Romantic Composers
Beethoven -> symphonies that celebrate freedom + human spirit

42. Realism Industrialization leads to tough lives in the factories
People cannot relate to Romanticism
Realism shows life as it really was

43. Reactions Against Realism
Impressionism – show life in a particular moment
More positive view of urban life
Monet’s Twilight of the Bubble

44. Reactions Against Realism
Renoir’s Luncheon of the Boating Party