1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the west (1789-1900)

2. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Main Idea: Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, people in Latin America fought colonial rule.
Latin American Colonies followed the example of the French Revolution (Important!!!!)
Fought for independence over freedom and equality
Geography: Andes Mountains made it difficult for South America to unify as a whole

3. Latin America Society 6 social classes
Top: Peninsulares: born in Spain
Next: Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America
Next: Mestizos: Mixed European and Indian
Mulattos: Mixed European and African
Africans
Indians 55% of the population!

4. Saint Domingue French Colony African Slaves who worked on plantations
Island of Hispaniola
African Slaves who worked on plantations
Leader of Revolution: Toussaint L’Ouverture
Freed slaves
1804: Claim Independence as Haiti
Significance: first Latin American colony to free themselves

5. Creoles Least oppressed class below peninsulares
Educated and spread revolutionary ideas
Felt they were being treated unfairly by the peninsulares and government
Last Straw: Napoleon overthrowing king of Spain and making his brother king
No loyalty to new king and revolt

6. Leaders of Revolutions
Two Creole Generals were key to success
Simon Bolivar (aka The Great Liberator)
Writer, fighter, and political thinker
Won independence for Venezuela
Led combined armies to victory giving independence to several Spanish colonies (next page)
Teams up with Jose de San Martin to help other Latin America colonies gain independence
Jose de San Martin
Helped win independence for Argentina and Chile

7. Additional Independence Winners
Bolivar helped Peru, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador gain independence

8. Mexico Mestizos and Indians led the fight for independence
Failures of Revolution:
Miguel Hidalgo: tried to lead revolution but failed when the creoles joined with the government and put down the rebellion
Feared Mestizos and Indians taking their land
Jose Maria Morelos become leader of rebellion for the next four years but it also defeated

9. Creoles Change Sides New government came to power in Spain
Creoles feared they’d lose their rights and sided with lower classes
Rebel and achieve independence for Mexico in 1821

10. Bloodless Revolution Brazil was controlled by Portugal
Change in kings leads to independence
Petition: 8,000 Creoles signed a paper pleading for Brazil’s independence
King agreed

11. Commercial Break What do you Think of when you here Nationalism?
Think of some examples of how we show nationalism here in the U.S

12. Europe Faces Revolution
Main Idea: Liberal and Nationalist uprisings challenged the old regime’s reestablished by the Congress of Vienna.
Struggle for power between
Conservatives: Supported the king (Nobles)
Liberals: Power for legislature (Merchants/Business)
Radicals: end rule of king/full voting rights for all

13. Spread of Nationalism Pride in one’s country
Loyalty is to your country and not your ruler or empire
group of people who share a common culture and history
Felt they should have a right to land they could call their own
Nation-state: group with their own government
Leaders of these groups began using the idea of nationalism as a way to unite people under a common goal

14. The Balkans Area of first group to win self-rule
Greeks broke away from the Ottoman Empire

15. Fight for Greek Independence
Ottoman’s despised rebellion and tried to put down rebellion
Greeks rich history and influence on other countries for decades allowed them to gain support around Europe
Russia, France, and Britain sided with the Greeks and helped them win their independence

16. Not All Rebellions Were Successful
Italy tried to unite their several different states but failed
Poles (Polish) revolted against the Russians and were put down.
Hungarians and Czechs fail
Revolutions of 1848: several states attempted to revolt but were poorly organized and were slaughtered by the old regimes
Significance: Old Regimes did not back down from nationalism and liberal attempts for change (Reaction to Revolutions)

17. France Tries Again!
France: restored absolute monarchy (result of congress of Vienna)
Sparked riots
Political groups battled for what reforms would be made (bloody)
Form parliament and strong president elected by the people

18. Louis-Napoleon Becomes president (Napoleon’s nephew)
Built railroads, encouraged industrialization
Helps restore prosperity and decreases unemployment

19. Need for Reform in Russia
Problems leading to Reform:
Failed to Industrialize (will hurt country for decades!)
Feudalism still existed hurting the economy and leaving the serfs under brutal living conditions
Czar Nicholas I: continued to fail at war due to his lack of supplies for his army from their poor economy

20. Alexander II modernizes Russia
Son of Nicholas who modernizes after shortcomings of the war
Wanted to be able to compete with the west
Frees Serfs
Reforms come to a halt when he is assassinated!
Alexander III takes over and tightens control and focuses on industrialization

21. Nationalism
Main Idea: nationalism plays big role in forming Italy and Germany.
Unification would allow countries to grow economically and gain colonies
(Italy and Germany did not have colonies in Latin America and other places because they were divided)
Nationalist Builders
Nationality Culture
Ethnic ancestry Language
History Religion

22. Nationalism Shakes Empires
Strong national leaders would be the key to the success of unifying groups and gaining independence
Nationalism created ethnic unrest in some empires
Russification: policy forcing Russian culture on ethnic groups in Russia.
Significance: Backfires and pride in ethnic groups grows eventually causing revolution in which groups will break away from the crumbling Russian empire

23. Unification of Italy Ruled by Austria and Spain Camillo di Cavour
Prime minister who unified Northern Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi “The Red One”
Leader of the redshirts (patriots) who won control over parts of Southern Italy
Territories would unify with one another

24. Unifying Germany Germany was made of 39 loosely grouped states
Austrian Empire controlled them
What Happens?
Prussia helps unify German States
Prussians were mostly German and nationalism united their empire instead of broke them apart
Use powerful army to push for unification

25. Wilhelm I Was being denied money by parliament to raise of bigger army
Supported by the Junkers (Conservatives)
Believed in centralized power
Otto Von Bismark: Junker who was elected prime minister.
Master of realpolitik (politics of reality)
Means tougher politics and rejects idealism (Belief that anything can be achieved)

26. Otto Von Bismark
Uses Realpoltik to become one of the most commanding figures in German History
Had kings approval to rule without the consent of parliament
Believed in the use of “Blood and Iron”
Violence instead of peaceful change
Manipulates allies and enemies by turning them against each other and forcing war.
During war, nationalism grows in Southern Germany and they support the Prussian empire and their leader Kaiser Wilhelm

27. Kaiser Term given to German and Prussian leaders that means emperor.
Bismark achieved Prussian dominance and unification of Germany

28. Summing it Up: Shift in Power
Congress of Vienna establishes 5 great powers
Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Equal in strength
Who emerges at the top after 1800?
Prussia (Germany) and Britain
Powerful economies and militaries
In the Middle: France
Lagging Far Behind: Austria and Russia

29. Revolutions in Art
Main Idea: Enlightenment ideas are replaced by a new movement called romanticism
Romanticism: movement in arts and ideas that focused on nature and the thoughts and feelings of the individual

30. Romanticism vs. Enlightenment
Valued feeling not reason
Valued nature not society
Supporters of the past: viewed the past as simpler and a better time to live
Encouraged tradition but still did support democracy

31. Writing and Music Famous Writing of the Early 1800’s Music
Victor Hugo: Hunchback of Notre Dame
Poor individual fighting back against an unfair society
Mary Shelley: Frankenstein
Horror tales of good and evil
Music
Appealed to hearts and souls of listeners
Beethoven became famous during this period

32. Fall of Romanticism and Rise of Realism
Harsh working life and living conditions brought down the positive mood of Romanticism
Replace by Realism (Reality)
Show things as they really were
Art was used to protest unfair social conditions
Works
Emile Zola: book revealed harsh working conditions and helped lead to new laws
Charles Dickens: books on how people were suffering from the industrial economy

33. Film and Photography Creation of the camera changes art
1827 first permanent photo
Ability to capture real moments
Reaction against realism
Impressionism: used light and shimmering colors to produce an impression of a subject or moment
(tried to stay more positive)