1. China, India, Middle East, and Africa Interwar Period 1919-1940

2. China Characteristics Following War Faced a ton of uprisings and turmoil – May 4 th Movement – Occurred on May 4, 1919 A student organized movement that saw strikes and protests in China because of anger over treatment by Allies in Treaty of Versailles – former German colonies given to Japan and China still viewed as weak – Communist Uprising – 1921 Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-Shek had agreement with Communist but Nationalists turned against them, but Communists already too popular – China moving to Communism

3. Mao Zedong After Chiang Kai-Shek’s movement against Communists killing thousands – Mao emerges as leader of the Communist movement – Beginning of Communist Revolution Long March – occurred in 1934 – Purpose was to find a safe place for Communists to rebuild their party – Marched over 6000 miles – Only 8000 of 100,000 survived the March

4. India Following the War Strong Nationalist movement in India – felt that they should be free following World War I Amritsar Massacre – 1919 – Followed the passage of the Rowlatt Acts by British authority in India – said the British could deal harshly with any uprising. – In city of Amritsar the British troops fired on protesters killing 400 – Began India independence movement

5. Gandhi Who was he? – Indian lawyer who organized protests against British What did he believe? – Ahimsa – nonviolence toward living things – Civil Disobedience – refuse to obey laws What impact did he have? – Inspired millions to peaceful protest – Got arrested but inspired public sympathy – 1935 – India granted limited self-rule

6. Middle East Turkey: – After war lost territory in Treaty of Versailles which was to be given to Greece, but Turks did not want this – Kemal Ataturk – World War I vet who unified the movement against giving territory to Greece Also created the Republic of Turkey (1923) Became first president of Turkey Believed in modernizing country and did so by separating Muslim faith from government

7. Middle East Persia: – Reza Khan – led an overthrow of Shah – wanted to modernize Persia by separating church and state Sought to advance industry Improved Education Renamed Persia into Iran (1935)

8. Middle East British and French Mandate Nations – Not happy being under foreign control Countries like Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan all under foreign control Everyone including Jews felt cheated by British and French – Made up of former areas of Ottoman Empire – Zionism movement was affecting region – Jewish state to be established – Balfour Agreement – said Jewish state would be set up in Palestine Beginning of Jewish-Arab issues in Middle East

9. Africa Almost completely controlled by European nations – Many Africans fought with Allies against Germany – Led to Nationalist movement by Africans – freedom wanted Effects of war in Africa: – Anger over European control – hatred boils over – Economic hardships in Africa – no European trade – Anger because no African represented in Treaty of Versailles negotiations

10. Africa African Independence Quest: – Pan-African Congress begins in 1919 Meetings of Africans where demands for African independence was made – Protests in Egypt led to killing or arrest of many Egyptians, but they continued the fight 1922 – British decided they could not control Egypt and gave it independence – Rest of Africa – stayed under European control through World War II

11. Questions 1 of 3 What uprisings and conflicts occurred in China following the war? Who was Chiang Kai-Shek? What was his response to Communists? Who was Mao Zedong? What movement did he lead? What was the Long March? What was the Amritsar Massacre? What caused it? Why were Indians protesting

12. Questions 2 of 3 Who was Gandhi? What did he believe in? What impact did he have in India? Who Kemal Ataturk? What was his significance in Turkey? Why was he angry? What did Reza Shah want in Persia? What was the Zionist Movement? Why did it cause issues in Middle East? Why were Arab mandate areas angry with British and French?

13. Questions 3 of 3 What was Africa like during World War I? What did Africans want following the war? What is the Pan-African Congress? What was its purpose? Why did Egypt get its independence from Britain?