1.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 3, Location-Identification Technologies and Location-Based Services Outline 3.1 Introduction 3.2Enhanced 911 Act (E911) 3.3 Identifying Cellular Devices: Cell-ID 3.4 Location-Identification Technologies 3.4.1Cell of Origin (COO) 3.4.2Angle of Arrival (AOA) 3.4.3Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) 3.4.4Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD) 3.4.5Location Pattern Matching 3.4.6Global Positioning System (GPS) 3.4.7Java and Location-Identification Technologies

2.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter 3, Location-Identification Technologies and Location-Based Services Outline 3.5 Location-Based Services 3.5.1Automotive 3.5.2Fleet Tracking 3.5.3 Location-Based Advertising and Marketing 3.5.4Agriculture and Environmental Protection 3.5.5Security and Theft Control 3.5.6Accessibility and Wireless Technology 3.5.7Wireless Mapping 3.6Location Interoperability Forum 3.7Internet and World Wide Web Resources

3.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 3.1 Introduction Telematics –Convergence of computer technology and mobile telecommunications –Location-based services (LBS): telematics application determines wireless user’s location

4.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 3.2 Enhanced 911 Act (E911) E911 Act: Federal Trade Commission standardizes and enhances 911 service –Phase 1: carriers must provide Automatic Number Information and cell site –Phase 2: carriers must provide Automatic Local Identification Benefits –Pinpoint location when driver unsure or call breaks up Obstacles to providers –Standardization –Infrastructure development

5.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 3.3 Identifying Cellular Devices: Cell- ID Cell-ID: number identifies cellular device to network –Communications between device and tower –Cloned phones: 2 phones share same ID (criminality)

6.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 3.4 Location-Identification Technologies Determining Location –Carrier presents geocode (lattitude and longitude) to content provider, translated into map –Triangulation: uses angle from at least 2 fixed points Location-ID Technologies –Satellite-based: satellites determine location –Network-based: cellular towers determine location –Network-centric: device location managed by network, no device upgrade needed –Handset-centric: device upgrade necessary to determine location

7.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 3.4 Location-Identification Technologies Obstacles –Cost: enhancements to handsets –Standardization: E911 act Location-Identification Technologies –AccuComAccuCom –TruePositionTruePosition –Cell-LocCell-Loc –Grayson WirelessGrayson Wireless –Cell TraxCell Trax –KSI, Inc.KSI, Inc. –Lockheed SandersLockheed Sanders –Snap TrackSnap Track

8.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 3.4 Location-Identification Technologies Location-Identification Technologies (Cont’d) –U.S. WirelessU.S. Wireless –SigmaOneSigmaOne –Cambridge Positioning SystemsCambridge Positioning Systems –Corsair – PhonetrackCorsair – Phonetrack –Radix Technologies, Inc.Radix Technologies, Inc. –SymmetricomSymmetricom –Tendler CellularTendler Cellular –Integrated Data CommunicationsIntegrated Data Communications

9.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 3.4 Location-Identification Technologies

10.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 3.4.1 Cell of Origin Cell of Origin: most primitive method –COO = area covered by specific tower –No way to determine caller’s position within cell

11.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 3.4.2 Angle of Arrival Determines position based on angles from cell phone to two or more towers –AOA equipment determines longitude and latitude by triangulation Interference in urban areas –AOA works best in sparsely populated areas AOA combined with TDOA provides highly accurate service

12.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 3.4.2 Angle of Arrival AOA technology in action (Courtesy of Dispatch Monthly Magazine)

13.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 3.4.3 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) Time Difference of Arrival –Determines distance using triagulation from signal’s travel time –Location determined from intersection of distance arcs Cell-Loc, TimesThree, and TDOA –Cell-Loc: developing wireless information portals Created Location XML Uses TDOA TimesThree division of Cell-Loc: make location-based services widely available

14.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 3.4.3 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) Illustration demonstrating TDOA (Courtesy of National Communications System)

15.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 3.4.4 Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD) Enhanced Observed Time Difference –Location determined from signal travel time to 3 towers (like TDOA) –Towers initiate transmission to handset Obstacles –Handset upgrades –Dependence on GSM standard, not widely used in US

16.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 3.4.4 Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD) © ETSI [date]. Further use, modification, redistribution is strictly prohibited. ETSI standards are available from publication@etsi.fr, and

17.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 3.4.5 Location-Pattern Matching Multipath –Multiple routes for energy beam –Interference from multipath deflecting off buildings Location-pattern matching –Locations defined by multipath characteristics and stored in database –Not effective in rural areas

18.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 3.4.5 Location-Pattern Matching Location-Pattern Matching (Courtesy of U.S. Wireless Corporation. All rights reserved.)

19.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 3.4.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) Global Positioning System: satellites track position –Standard Positioning Service: 100 meter accuracy –Precise Positioning Service: 10 meter accuracy, originally only for military –Random-error signal: scrambling mechanism, prevent foreign powers’ use of service GPS’ 24 satellites on fixed orbits –Satellite sends signal and measures distance –User’s position determined by intersection of 3 distance spheres

20.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 3.4.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS Disadvantages –Costly –Signals lose strength over long distance

21.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 3.4.7 Java and Location-Identification Technologies Many location-based services use Java –Java used to design intelligent agent software: retrieve data from database –Java specification Jini: improve portability across dissimilar aplliances –Java Location ServicesJava Location Services Object FX –C-it Locate product created entirely with Java Java is flexible –Can be changed and modified to support future technology developments

22.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 3.5 Location-Based Services Locating and providing users with information Raises privacy concerns Regulation issues

23.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 3.5.1 Automotive Location-based services available in automobiles Motorola OnStar system –Security and reliability –Route support, vehicle diagnostics, and medical assistance Ford ATX Wingcast –Telematics services Traffic Monitoring –Traffic patterns based on # of mobile devices in traffic

24.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 3.5.2 Fleet Tracking Trucking companies use location-based services to minimize cost and maximize productivity Terion Corp. –GPS device on LCD screen for mapping and communication Cimarron Technologies –Monitors location, speed, direction –Helpful for dispatching taxis Army Movement Tracking System –Tracks location of vehicles and weapons

25.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 3.5.3 Location-Based Advertising and Marketing Discounts and promotions transmitted when store/restaurant is in proximity Permission-based marketing and advertising –Lucent TechnologiesLucent Technologies –Profilium, Inc.Profilium, Inc. –Go2 SystemsGo2 Systems Motorola –Virtual Advisor: alerts drivers preset specified locations

26.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 3.5.4 Agriculture and Environmental Protection Planting and Harvesting –GPS technologies map lands, estimate yields, and develop harvesting strategies Forestry and Conservation –Regulate planting, map deforestation, protect wildlife Fishing –Maps fishing areas and vessel locations

27.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 3.5.5 Security and Theft Control Location devices used to track stolen items –LoJack Stolen Vehicle Recovery NetworkLoJack Stolen Vehicle Recovery Network Track movements of paroled criminals

28.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 3.5.6 Accessibility and Wireless Technology Location-based services aid people with disabilities in navigation, emergency services, and communication Digital Angel –Locates and analyzes vital signs of lost and distressed

29.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 3.5.6 Accessibility and Wireless Technology Digital Angel Accessibility Products (Courtesy of Digital Angel™ Corporation)

30.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 3.5.7 Wireless Mapping Map access on wireless devices –Maps, landmark info, distance measurements –GeodiscoveryGeodiscovery –MapquestMapquest

31.  2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 3.6 Location-Interoperability Forum Location-Interoperability Forum –70 member organization –Standardization of wireless technologies –Access to location information