1. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 1 Implementing Wireless LANs BCMSN Module 6 Lesson 5

2. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 2 Objectives  Describe the implementation of the Cisco autonomous and lightweight WLAN solution that is part of the Cisco implementation of WLANs  Describe how LWAPP is used in the Cisco lightweight WLAN implementation  Describe the components of the Cisco WLAN implementations  Describe Cisco Unified Wireless Networks  Describe Cisco Aironet access points and bridges  Describe PoE for access points and IP phones  Identify the types of antennas to use in WLAN environments  Explain multipath distortion  Describe the decibel calculation  Explain the established EIRP guidelines

3. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 3 Cisco WLAN Implementation  Distributed WLAN solution Autonomous AP Wireless LAN Solution Engine (WLSE)  Centralized WLAN solution Lightweight AP Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) Cisco offers 2 “flavors” of wireless solutions:

4. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 4 Distributed WLAN Solution Components  Autonomous access points  Network Infrastructure  Wireless Domain Services (WDS) – optional  Wireless LAN Solution Engine (WLSE) – optional  Acess Control Server (ACS) – optional

5. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 5 Centralized WLAN Solution Components  Lightweight access points  Network Infrastructure  Wireless LAN controller (WLC) – required  Wireless Control System (WCS) – optional  Location appliance – optional  Acess Control Server (ACS) – optional

6. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 6 Cisco Centralized WLAN Model

7. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 7 Why Lightweight APs?  A WLAN controller system is used to create and enforce policies across many different lightweight access points.  With centralized intelligence, functions essential to WLAN operations such as security, mobility, and quality of service (QoS), can be efficiently managed across an entire wireless enterprise.  Splitting functions between the access point and the controller, simplifies management, improves performance, and increases security of large WLANs

8. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 8 Wireless LAN Solution Comparison Distributed Solution Centralized Solution Autonomous access points Lightweight access points Wireless Domain Services (WDS) WLAN controller WLAN Solution Engine (WLSE) WLAN Control System (WCS) PoE switches, routers DHCP, DNS, AAA

9. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 9 Self Check 1.What is the primary difference between the distributed and centralized solutions offered by Cisco for WLANs? 2.Which solution uses autonomous access points and a Wireless LAN Solutions Engine? 3.What types of functions are handled by the AP in the Centralized model?

10. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 10 LWAPP

11. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 11 Layer-2 LWAPP Architecture  Access Points don’t require IP addressing  Controllers need to be on EVERY subnet on which APs reside  L2 LWAPP was the first step in the evolution of the architecture; many current products do not support this functionality

12. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 12  Access Points require IP addressing  APs can communicate w/ WLC across routed boundaries  L3 LWAPP is more flexible than L2 LWAPP and all products support this LWAPP operational ‘flavor’ Layer-3 LWAPP Architecture

13. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 13 Association of Access Point to WLAN Controller  Access points use LWAPP in Layer 2 and Layer 3 mode to associate to the WLAN controller.  In Layer 3 mode, the access point sends an LWAPP Discovery Request to the controller management IP address via a directed broadcast.  The controller responds with a Discovery Response from the manager IP address that includes the number of access points currently associated to the access point manager interface.  The access point chooses an access point and sends the Join Request.  All subsequent communication is to the WLAN controller access point manager IP address.

14. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 14 LWAPP Controller Discovery  LWAPP Discovery Request—AP issues 1 or more of these messages to find controllers (sent to Management Interface IP Address)  LWAPP Discovery Response—Any controller receiving an LWAPP Discovery Request responds with this message to the requesting AP

15. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 15 WLAN Controller Selection Algorithm  LWAPP Discovery Response contains important information from the WLAN Controller: Controller sysName, controller type, controller AP capacity, current AP load, “Master Controller” status, AP Manager IP address(es) and number of APs joined to the AP Manager  After an “LWAPP Discovery Interval” timer expires, the AP selects a controller to join using the following decision criteria: 1. If AP has been previously configured with a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary controller, the AP will attempt to join these first (specified in the Controller sysName) 2. Attempt to join a WLAN Controller configured as a “Master” controller 3. Attempt to join the WLAN Controller with the greatest excess AP capacity This last step provides the whole system with dynamic AP load-balancing

16. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 16 LWAPP Controller Join Process  LWAPP Join Request—AP sends this messages to selected controller (sent to AP Manager Interface IP Address)  LWAPP Join Response—If controller validates AP request, it sends the LWAPP Join Response indicating that the AP is now registered with that controller

17. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 17 Self Check 1.What is the difference between an LWAPP Layer 2 frame and an LWAPP Layer 3 frame? 2.Which LWAPP mode does not require the APs to have IP addresses, but does require that the controller and AP be in the same broadcast domain? 3.Which device sends an LWAPP Discovery Request? 4.If multiple controllers respond to an AP, how does the AP select a controller?

18. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 18 Cisco Unified Wireless Network

19. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 19 Cisco Unified Wireless Network Unified cellular and Wi-Fi VoIP. Advanced threat detection, identity networking, location-based security, asset tracking and guest access. Unified Advanced Services Same level of security, scalability, reliability, ease of deployment, and management for wireless LANs as wired LANs. World-Class Network Management Integration into all major switching and routing platforms. Secure innovative WLAN controllers. Network Unification Mobility Platform Ubiquitous network access in all environments. Enhanced productivity. Proven platform with large install base and 63% market share. Plug and Play. 90% of Wi-Fi silicon is Cisco Compatible Certified. “Out-of-the-Box” wireless security. Client Devices

20. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 20 Cisco Unified Wireless Network Components Unified built-in support of leading-edge applications, not an afterthought. Cisco Wireless Location Appliance, Cisco WCS, SDN, NAC, Wi-Fi phones, and RF firewalls. Unified Advanced Services World Class NMS that visualizes and helps secure your air space. Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS). World-Class Network Management Cisco Self-Defending Network Seamless network infrastructure across a range of platforms. Cisco 4400 and 2000 Wireless LAN Controllers. Future Cisco Catalyst 6500, Series WiSM, ISR, and 3750 integration. Network Unification Mobility Platform APs dynamically configured and managed through LWAPP. Cisco Aironet Access Points: 1500, 1300, 1240AG, 1230AG, 1130AG, and 1000. Bridges: 1400 and 1300. Secure clients that work out of the box. Cisco Compatible client devices & Cisco Aironet clients. Client Devices

21. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 21 Features  Industry’s best range and throughput  Enterprise class security  Many configuration options  Simultaneous air monitoring and traffic delivery  Wide area networking for outdoor areas Benefits  Zero touch management  No dedicated air monitors  Supports all deployment scenarios (indoor and outdoor)  Ease of use policy based management Mobility Platform Cisco Mobility Access Platforms Indoor Access Points 1130AG10x0 Indoor Rugged Access Points 1500 1240AG1230AG Outdoor Access Points/Bridges 1400 1300 1121G

22. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 22 Power over Ethernet

23. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 23 Power over Ethernet (PoE)  Sending operating power over Category 5 Ethernet cable  Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) Switches, power injector  Powered devices (PD) Access points, IP phones  Up to 15.4W power per port  Distances up to 100 meters  Alternative: AC power adapter

24. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 24 PoE Delivery  Detection of power requirements  IEEE 802.3af  Cisco proprietary inline power  Two approved methods for “inserting” power into Ethernet cable: Pair 1,2 & 3,6Pair 4,5 & 7,8

25. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 25 MidSpan Power Injection  Uses pairs 4,5 & 7,8  Requires 8-wire cabling  Does not extend 100-m total length limit  Not possible for 1000TX

26. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 26 Power Sourcing Equipment  Power injector AIR-PWRINJ3/AIR-PWRINJ-FIB  Powering switch Cisco Catalyst 3560-PS/3750-PS Cisco Express CE500-LC/CE500-PC Cisco Catalyst 4500/6500 switch with inline power line cards Router module NM-16ESW-PWR Router card HWIC-4ESW-POE Router with PoE support

27. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 27 PoE Switch switch(config-if)# power inline {auto | never}  Display PoE statistics switch# show power inline [interface] switch# show power inline Available:370.0(w) Used:61.6(w) Remaining:308.4(w) Interface Admin Oper Power Device Class Max (Watts) --------- ------ ------ ------- ---------- ----- ---- Gi0/1 auto off 0.0 n/a n/a 15.4 Gi0/2 auto on 15.4 Ieee PD 3 15.4 Gi0/3 auto off 0.0 n/a n/a 15.4 Gi0/4 auto on 15.4 Ieee PD 3 15.4 Gi0/5 auto off 0.0 n/a n/a 15.4  PoE interface configuration

28. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 28 PoE Switch Port Status

29. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 29 Self Check 1.What are some examples of Power Sourcing Equipment? 2.What is the IEEE standard for Power over Ethernet? 3.What protocol do Cisco devices use to manage PoE?

30. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 30 Antennas

31. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 31 What is the role of an antenna in the WLAN?  An antenna is a device used to transmit or receive signals.  Antennas convert electrical energy into radio frequency (RF) waves when it transmits, or RF waves into electrical energy when it receives.  The size and shape of antennas are determined primarily by the frequency of the signal they are designed to receive. A high gain antenna is highly focused, whereas a low gain antenna receives or transmits over a wide angle.  An antenna provides the wireless system with three fundamental properties: gain, direction, and polarization.

32. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 32 Antenna Concepts  Gain Measured in dBi (gain over theoretical isotropic) More gain means focusing in certain directions, limited range of coverage  Directionality Omnidirectional antennas (360 degree coverage) Directional antennas (limited range of coverage)  Polarization Must match for a link to work properly.

33. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 33 Antenna Theory  A theoretical isotropic antenna has a perfect 360 degree vertical and horizontal beamwidth.  Reference for all antennas.

34. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 34 Omnidirectional Antenna: Dipole  Energy lobes “pushed in” from the top and bottom  Higher gain Smaller vertical beamwidth Larger horizontal lobe  Typical dipole pattern 2-dBi Dipole "Standard Rubber Duck"

35. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 35 Directional Antenna  Lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to be condensed in a particular area.  Very little energy is in the back side of a directional antenna. Side View (Vertical Pattern) Top View (Horizontal Pattern) 6.5-dBi Diversity Patch Wall Mount – 55 degrees

36. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 36 Connectorized 5-GHz Antennas Cisco 5-GHz Rubber Antenna (Flat with Blue Dot) Cisco 2.4-GHz Rubber Antenna (Round no dot) 5-GHz (802.11a) antennas have blue ID markers. Dual-band (2.4-GHz and 5-GHz) antennas have yellow dots.

37. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 37 Multipath Distortion  Multipath distortion (a form of radio degradation) occurs when radio signals bounce off metal objects in a room, such as metal cabinets or ceiling lights.  Multiple signals at receiver cause distortion of the signal.  As radio waves bounce, they arrive at the receiver slightly delayed, combining with the original signal, causing distortion.  Diversity systems use two antennas in different positions to reduce the degradation.

38. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 38 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power  Transmit power is rated in dBm or mW.  Power coming off an antenna is Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP).  FCC and ETSI use EIRP for power limits in regulations for 2.4- GHz and 5-GHz WLANs.

39. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 39 Antenna Cable Loss  Use cable that is supplied with the antenna, avoiding long cable runs when possible.  Cisco offers these cables: LMR400-style cables 20 and 50 feet Total loss of 1.3 and 3.4 dB, respectively LMR600-style cables 100 and 150 feet Total loss of 4.4 and 6.6 dB, respectively Cable Type 2.4-GHz Loss (db/100 feet) 5.8-GHz Loss (db/100 feet) LMR4006.610.8 LMR6004.47.25

40. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 40  Key Conversion Factors: dBi = dbd +2.14 1dBm = 1.26 3 dBm = 2 6 dBm = 4 10 dBm = 10 20 dBm = 100 30 dBm = 1000 40 dBm = 10000 Antenna Power Calculation

41. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 41 Antenna Power Calculation (cont’d)  EIRP = transmitter power + antenna gain – cable loss AP output = 100mW = 20dB cable/antenna = +16dBi = 40 EIGR output = 100*40 = 4000 mW EIGR output = 20 + 16 = 36 dBi

42. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 42 Power Conversion Exercise Convert the following dBi to dBd: 10 dBi = _______dBd 3dBi = _______dBd -5 dBi = ________dBd -8.14 dBi = _______dBd Convert the following dBd to dBi: 12 dBd = _______ dBi 3dBd = ________ dBi -4.14 dBd = _______dBi -6.86 dBd = ________ dBi

43. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 43 Power Conversion Exercise (cont’d) Calculate the outputs of the following systems: AP output = 100mW cable/antenna = +16dBi EIGR output = _______mW EIGR output = _______dBi AP output = 20mW cable/antenna = +20dBi EIGR output = _______mW EIGR output = ________dBi AP output = 50mW cable/antenna = +13dBi EIGR output = ________mW EIGR output = _________dBi Calculate the AP output power: AP output = _______mW cable/antenna = +16dBi EIGR output = 4 mW EIGR output = _______dBi AP output = _______mW cable/antenna = +20dBi EIGR output = 2W EIGR output = _______dBi AP output = _______mW cable/antenna = +13dBi EIGR output = 200mW EIGR output = ______dBi

44. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 44 2.4-GHz EIRP Rules for FCC Areas  Point-to-multipoint (WLANs) FCC allows increasing the gain of an antenna/cable system if the transmitter power is reduced below 30 dBm in a 1:1 ratio. Reduce transmit power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1-dBi. Point-to-Multipoint The above values reflect the 1:1 rule. Transmitter Power Transmitter dBm Maximum Gain EIRP FCC Maximum1 W30 dBm6 dBi36 dBm Cisco Maximum 100 mW20 dBm 16 dBi36 dBm Reduced Tx Power20 mW13 dBm23 dBi36 dBm

45. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 45 2.4-GHz EIRP Rules for ETSI Areas  Currently ETSI allows a maximum of 20 dBm EIRP on point-to-multipoint and point-to-point installations—17 dBm maximum transmitter power with 3 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination.  Reduce transmit power below maximum of 17 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1 dBi. Transmitter Power Transmitter dBmMaximum Gain EIRP ETSI Maximum50 mW17 dBm3 dBi20 dBm Cisco Maximum50 mW17 dBm2.2 dBi19.2 dBm Reduced Tx Power20 mW13 dBm7 dBi20 dBm Reduced Tx Power10 mW10 dBm10 dBi20 dBm Reduced Tx Power1 mW0 dBm20 dBi20 dBm

46. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 46 EIRP Rules: Summary Frequency [GHz] No. of Channels (26 total) Channel Identifier Usage FCCETSI TX Power Ant. Gain EIRP 2.400 – 2.48331, 6, 11 Indoor Outdoor 30 dBm6 dBi36 dBm20 dBm 5.150 – 5.250436 – 48 Indoor only 16 dBm6 dBi22 dBm23 dBm 5.250 – 5.350452 – 64 Indoor Outdoor 24 dBm6 dBi30 dBm23 dBm 5.470 – 5.72511100 – 140 Indoor Outdoor 24 dBm6 dBi30 dBm 5.725 – 5.8254149 – 161 Indoor Outdoor 30 dBm6 dBi36 dBmn/a  5.725 MHz and above currently not allowed in most of Europe

47. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 47 Self Check 1.What 3 fundamental properties does an antenna provide to the wireless system? 2.What is multipath distortion? 3.What is used to measure all other antennas in order to rate them? 4.What is used by the FCC and ETSI for power limits in regulations for WLANs? 5.Describe the difference in coverage of an omnidirectional vs. a directional antenna.

48. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 48 Summary  Cisco offers Distributed and Centralized WLAN solutions.  LWAPP is the protocol used between lightweight access points and WLAN controllers.  WLAN components include clients, access points, controllers, management systems, infrastructure devices, and security server.  The Cisco Unified Wireless Network provides a unified enterprise- class wireless solution.  Cisco Aironet access points are available for indoor or outdoor use.  Access points and IP phones can be powered over Ethernet cable.  Characteristics of antennas are directionality, gain, and polarization.  Multipath distortion can cause low quality data transmission.  Antenna and RF power is measured in decibels.  EIRP limits are defined by FCC and ETSI regulations.

49. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 49 Resources  LWAPP http://standards.ieee.orghttp://standards.ieee.org (for fee)  Cisco Unified Wireless http://cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns348/ns337/networ king_solutions_package.html  Federal Communications Commision http://www.fcc.gov  European Telecommunications Standards Institute http://www.etsi.orghttp://www.etsi.org Wireless LAN Compatibility Association http://www.wi-fi.org

50. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 50 Q and A

51. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco ConfidentialBCMSN 6 - 5 51