1. The Skeletal System Part 2 The Appendicular Skeleton Honors Anatomy & Physiology

2. The Appendicular Skeleton

3. The Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder) 2 pectoral girdles attach bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton each: 1 clavicle 1 scapula

4. Clavicle S-shaped, (medial ½ convex anteriorly, lateral ½ concave anteriorly) slender bone lies horizontally across anterior thorax superior to 1 st rib

5. Clavicle medial end = sternal end is rounded & articulates with the manubrium @ sternoclavicular joint

6. Clavicle lateral end = acromial end is flat articulates with acromion of the scapula to form acromialclavicular joint

7. Clavicle last bone to stop growing 1 of most frequently fx’d bones (2 curves) usually from fall on outstretched arm or see compression fx in auto accidents from shoulder strap which can cause damage to median n. (between clavicle & 2 nd rib)

8. Scapula aka shoulder blade, angel bone large, triangular, flat bone in superior part of posterior thorax between levels of 2 nd & 7 th ribs spine: prominent ridge that runs diagonally across posterior surface

9. Scapula lateral edge: acromion a flattened expanded process, easily felt as hi pt of shoulder (tailors use it as landmark to measure length of arm) glenoid cavity : inferior to acromion, smooth, shallow depression that accepts head of humerus in shoulder joint

10. Scapula

11. Upper Limb 6 parts: 1. Humerus 2. Ulna 3. Radius 4. Carpals 5. Metacarpals 6. Phalanges Joints: Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hand

12. Humerus longest & largest bone of upper limb articulates proximally with scapula & distally with ulna & radius head: rounded proximal end  articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula to form glenohumeral joint

13. Humerus

14. Humerus distal end: capitulum: rounded knob on lateral aspect that articulates with head of radius trochlea: medial to capitulum, spool- shaped, articulates with ulna

15. Humerus

16. Ulna medial aspect of forearm longer than radius proximal end: olecranon (prominence in elbow) distal end: head, styloid process ( posterior)

17. Radius lateral aspect of forearm proximal end: head of radius : articulates with capitulum distal end: styloid process (palpable proximal to thumb)

18. Ulna & Radius connect @ 3 places 1. interosseous membrane 2. proximal end 3. distal end

19. Carpals proximal to the hand, distal to radius & ulna 8 small bones joined by ligaments articulations w/each other called intercarpal joints

20. Carpal Tunnel

21. Metacarpals

22. Phalanges 14 bones of the digits (each hand) #’d I to V beginning with thumb thumb is the pollex has only 2 phalanges, other digits have 3 joints between phalanges called interphalangeal joints

23. Phalanges

25. Pelvic Girdle 2 hip bones (os coxa) which unite anteriorly at pubic symphysis and posteriorly with the sacrum @ sacroiliac joint

26. Pelvic Girdle Functions: provides sturdy support for vertebral column connects lower limb to axial skeleton

27. Newborn Pelvis 3 bones on each side: 1. Ilium ◦ superior 2. Pubis ◦ anterior & inferior 3. Ischium posterior & inferior

28. Ilium largest of the 3 hip bones distinguishing features: 1. Iliac Crest along superior surface 1. Sacroiliac Joint (SI Joint) between sacrum and ilium

29. Ilium

30. Ischium ramus of ischium fuses with pubis distinguishing features: 1. Ischial Tuberosity what you feel when someone sits on your lap

31. Ischium

32. Pubis Acetabulum ◦ formed by ilium, ischium, & pubis ◦ is the “socket” half of the hip joint Pubic Symphysis ◦ joint between the 2 hip bones

33. True Pelvis/ False Pelvis Pelvic Brim: line that distinguishes between true & false palvis

34. Male Pelvis generally male bone heavier & stronger & have larger surface marker (because larger muscles attach) Pelvis: ◦ deeper false pelvis, smaller, narrower ◦ pelvic brim heart-shaped ◦ acetabulum larger, faces posterior ◦ obturator foramen round

35. Female Pelvis generally bones lighter & thinner Pelvis: ◦ false pelvis shallow, widers ◦ pelvic brim larger, more oval ◦ acetabulum smaller & faces anterior ◦ obturator foramen oval

36. Male or Female?

38. Lower Limb 30 bones in each: 1 femur 1 patella 1 tibia 1 fibula 7 tarsals 5 metatarsals 14 phalanges

39. Femur longest, heaviest, & strongest bone in the body proximally articulates with the acetabulum to form hip joint ◦ Head of the Femur: “ball” part of joint  small, central depression: fovea capitis ◦ Greater Trochanter  prominence felt & seen @ side of hip

40. Femur

41. Femur distally articulates with: ◦ Patella ◦ Tibia

42. Patella (kneecap) small, triangular, sesamoid bone develops in tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Parts: Base : broad, superior end Apex: pointed, inferior end

43. Patella

45. Tibia “shin bone” larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of lower leg proximally articulates with femur & fibula distally articulates with fibula & tarsals

46. Tibia medial malleolus forms prominence that is palpable & visible on medial ankle

47. Fibula parallel & lateral to the tibia & considerably smaller head of fibula on proximal end lateral malleolus at distal end

48. Tibia & Fibula

49. Tarsals 7 bones: 1 calcaneous: heel bone, largest of the tarsals

50. Metatarsals 5 bones between tarsals & phalanges #’d I to V from medial  lateral

51. Phalanges 14 bones that make up the 5 digits #’d I to V medial to lateral Hallux: great or big toe has 2 large heavy phalanges

52. Arches of the Foot 2 arches in foot: 1. allows the foot to support weight of body by distributing weight over the soft & hard tissues 2. provide leverage while walking fully developed by age 12 - 13

53. Arches of the Foot 2 longitudinal arches (medial & lateral 1 transverse arch

55. Development of the Skeletal System all skeletal tissue arises from mesoderm 1 st bone: skull in 4 th wk U/S ~ 24 – 25 wks:

56. Medical Terminology 1. Clubfoot: ◦ inherited deformity in which baby is born with foot twisted inferiorly & medially ◦ 1/1000 births ◦ tx: casts or wraps, surgery may be indicated

57. Medical Terminology 2. Genu valgum: knees abnormally close together with increased space between ankles aka “knock-knee”

58. Medical Terminology 3. Genu varum: knees abnormally separated with lower limbs bowed medially aka “bowleg”